Microorganisms play an important role in tobacco fermentation and aging. In this review, we address the role of microorganisms in tobacco fermentation and aging, including the distribution of microorganisms on tobacco, their application and research progress. The division of microorganism on tobacco, the dynamic change of microorganism during the process of fermentation and aging and the application of inoculating microorganism are mainly introduced. Some research and application results showed that tobacco leaf microorganisms could shorten the period of fermentation and aging, improve the quality of flue-cured tobacco, reduce harmful substances and improve smoking safety. Finally, the subsequent research of correlation studies is also prospected.