L-Arginine, a semi-essential amino acid, plays an important role in the metabolism of human life. It has a wide and expanding application in industry with a fast growing market demand. Currently, the main method of production of L-Arginine is microbial fermentation. To develop microbial strains with high productivity and stability, the most effective method is to optimize the L-Arginine producing strains. And fortunately, metabolic engineering method can be used to screen the efficient L-Arginine producing strains, and has obtained the certain success. In this mini-review, the metabolic pathway and regulatory mechanism of L-Arginine biosynthesis in microorganisms were analyzed, and the strategies for metabolic engineering the efficient L-Arginine producing strains were summarized．Furthermore, the prospects of future research about the stability of L-Arginine engineering strains and the expansions of substrate utilization were discussed.