Lignocellulose can be degraded by microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and some virus. The metabolism of these microorganisms is closely related to microorganisms’ enzyme activity, which in turn plays an important role in the conversion and use of biomass energy. Based on the treatment of biomass solid waste and recycling transformative achievements, we summarize the results toward microbial treatment of biomass solid waste and recycling transformative achievements. Using lignocellulose biomass solid waste as an example, we describe microbial treatment of biomass solid waste from two aspects: microbial species and biomass solid waste recycling transformative achievements. We also address the existing problems and prospects.