[Objective] The research was conducted to study on the bacterial community diversity and dominant population in Xinjiang akesu area and the correlation with the environmental factor. [Methods] The bacteria diversity and dominant population was analysis by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), cloning, sequencing and the DGGE sequence analysis and the canonical correlation analysis (CCA). [Results] The sequencing of the dominant population showed that there were 29 sequencing belong to the un-cultivation microbial, and the other 43 DGGE band were made up by 9 order: Myxococcales, Pseudomonadales, Rhizobiales, Bacillales, Burkholderiales, Actinomycetales, Oceanospirillales, Flavobacteriale, Alteromonadales. [Conclusion] Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) result showed that microbial community structure and environmental factors were closely related in saline-alkaline soils.