As a virus that infects bacteria, bacteriophage can specifically recognize its host bacterium. Extended overuse of antibiotics has resulted in a rapid rise of antibacterial resistance in bacterial population. Bacteriophages have emerged as a viable alternative to combat bacterial infections. In the long-term coevolution of bacteria and bacteriophage, both have evolved a series of defense strategies. The mechanisms of bacteria against bacteriophages include inhibiting bacteriophage adsorption, preventing bacteriophage DNA from entering, digesting the bacterio phage genome, abortion infection, and quorum sensing regulation of bacteriophages. The counteracted strategies adopted by bacteriophage are also reviewed. In addition, the related detection methods are exemplified. The study of the mechanisms provides a theoretical basis for the application of bacteriophages in bacterial control.