In teaching of Microbiology course, it is an important way to cultivate students’ abilities for independent thinking and systematic learning. As the first part of Microbiology course, “introduction” should help students to cultivate the ability of independent thinking and establish the overall framework. The “introduction” focuses on the development history of microbiology and the five commonalities of microorganisms. In the process of teaching the development history of microbiology, we will take Pasteur’s flask experiment as the starting point, let students learn to think same question from different levels. By students’ group discussion after the teaching of the development history of microbiology, let the students realize the importance of scientific development law and independent thinking. The five commonalities of microorganisms are determined by the “micro”, the characteristics of microorganisms, and there is a rigorous logical relationship between the five commonalities. The five commonalities of microorganisms are the core of the characteristics of all aspects of microorganisms, and are consistent with the order and contents of each chapter in the “Essential microbiology” compiled by Deqing Zhou, and that will help students to establish an overall framework, and easy to put the knowledge points of subsequent learning into the framework and learn microbiology more systematically.