微生物学通报  2020, Vol. 47 Issue (3): 710−717

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陈万浩, 刘畅, 韩燕峰, 梁建东, 田维毅, 梁宗琦
CHEN Wan-Hao, LIU Chang, HAN Yan-Feng, LIANG Jian-Dong, TIAN Wei-Yi, LIANG Zong-Qi
广义虫草属二新记录种
Two new recorded species in Cordyceps sensu lato
微生物学通报, 2020, 47(3): 710-717
Microbiology China, 2020, 47(3): 710-717
DOI: 10.13344/j.microbiol.china.190449

文章历史

收稿日期: 2019-05-23
接受日期: 2019-10-21
网络首发日期: 2019-11-29
广义虫草属二新记录种
陈万浩1 , 刘畅2 , 韩燕峰3 , 梁建东1 , 田维毅1 , 梁宗琦3     
1. 贵州中医药大学基础医学院    贵州  贵阳    550025;
2. 贵州中医药大学药学院    贵州  贵阳    550025;
3. 贵州大学生命科学学院真菌资源研究所    贵州  贵阳    550025
摘要: 【背景】 广义虫草属是一类重要的虫生真菌资源。【目的】 对我国西南地区虫生真菌及其相关真菌资源进行调查。【方法】 在贵州省习水县和花溪区进行标本采集,采用含双抗的PDA培养基分离目的菌株;基于形态学特征和ITS rDNA序列系统发育分析相结合的方法进行菌株鉴定。【结果】 从采集到的标本中分离获得5个菌株,菌株GY1113、GY90809和GY90810在形态特征上与马拉维白僵菌模式菌株非常相近;系统发育树中二者以高持率(ML/BI为99/1)聚成一个分支。菌株A1997在形态特征上与鳞翅目虫草模式菌株非常吻合;系统发育树中二者以较高支持率(ML/BI为78/0.95)聚成一个分支。菌株A1972在形态上与苏格兰白僵菌模式菌株的形态特征非常相近;系统发育树中二者以高支持率(ML/BI为99/1)聚成一个分支。因此分别鉴定为马拉维白僵菌、鳞翅目虫草及苏格兰白僵菌。【结论】 马拉维白僵菌和鳞翅目虫草为中国新记录种。
关键词: 白僵菌属    虫草属    形态学    系统发育    新记录    
Two new recorded species in Cordyceps sensu lato
CHEN Wan-Hao1 , LIU Chang2 , HAN Yan-Feng3 , LIANG Jian-Dong1 , TIAN Wei-Yi1 , LIANG Zong-Qi3     
1. School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China;
2. School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China;
3. Institute of Fungus Resources, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
Abstract: [Background] Cordyceps sensu lato was an important entomopathogenic fungus. [Objective] The entomopathogenic fungi and its allies from Southwest China were investigated. [Methods] Specimens were collected from Xishui and Huaxi in Guizhou province, and the target strains were isolated on PDA media with antibiotics in the laboratory. Then these strains were identified by the morphological characters and phylogenetic analysis of ITS rDNA sequences. [Results] Five target strains were obtained. Strains GY1113, GY90809 and GY90810 were very similar to the original description of Beauveria malawiensis in morphology and clustered into a subclade with the sequences of B. malawiensis in phylogenetic tree; strain A1997 was consistent with Cordyceps lepidopterorum in morphology and it was closely related with the type sequence of C. lepidopterorum in phylogenetic tree; strain A1972 was very similar to the original description of B. caledonica in the morphology and clustered into a subclade with the sequences of B. caledonica in phylogenetic tree. Therefore, these strains were identified to three species, B. malawiensis, C. lepidopterorum and B. caledonica, respectively. [Conclusion] B. malawiensis and C. lepidopterorum are new to China.
Keywords: Beauveria    Cordyceps    Morphology    Phylogeny    New records    

广义虫草属真菌即虫草类真菌,是指那些在寄主正常生理条件下能直接侵入体内,增殖和快速引起死亡的类群。它们以吸收血淋巴中养分、分解寄主组织、和/或产生有毒代谢产物而杀死昆虫[1]。按照最新的虫草类真菌的分类系统,该类真菌包括隶属子囊菌门(Ascomycota),粪壳菌纲(Sordariomycetes),肉座菌目(Hypocreales)的虫草科(Cordycipitaceae)、线虫草科(Ophiocordycipitaceae)、麦角菌科(Clavicipitaceae)等科的真菌[2]。广义的虫草类真菌不仅包括冬虫夏草Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung, Hywel-Jones & Spatafora、蛹虫草Cordyceps militaris (L.) Fr.、蝉花Isaria cicadae Miq.等重要的药用菌,还包括部分已被证明为虫草(有性型)的无性型种类,例如典型的白僵菌Beauveria spp.和绿僵菌Metarhizium spp.等重要的害虫生防菌[3]

1878年,意大利学者Saccardo对冬虫夏草Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc.进行定名,系对我国虫草属真菌最早的研究[4]。Teng[5]系统报道了我国虫草属真菌的种类。宋斌等[6]对我国虫草属已知种类进行了整理,其中包括有效种125种,3变种和2变型。之后不断有来自全国各地的虫草新分类单元及新记录种的报道[7-25]。此外,一些虫草无性型的新分类单元及新记录也陆续被报道[26-36]。而在我国研究较多的虫草类真菌主要为冬虫夏草及其相关真菌,如蛹虫草、广东虫草和蝉花等少数几种[37]

目前,在全世界报道了超过800种以虫草(包括CordycepsOphiocordyceps)命名的分类单元,而我国已报道的不足200种(http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp,2019年7月30日),还有更多的资源有待挖掘。在开展我国西南地区虫生真菌及其相关真菌资源调查时,分离得到5个菌株,即A1972、A1997、GY1113、GY90809和GY90810,经形态学特征和分子系统学综合鉴定,分别为苏格兰白僵菌Beauveria caledonica Bissett & Widden、马拉维白僵菌Beauveria malawiensis S.A. Rehner & Aquino de Muro及鳞翅目虫草Cordyceps lepidopterorum Mongkols., Noisrip., Thanakitp., Spatafora & Luangsa-ard,后两个种为我国新记录种,现报道如下。

1 材料与方法 1.1 菌株的分离、培养与形态观察

参照陈万浩等[38]所描述的方法,用无菌接种针挑取标本上的菌丝放到加有双抗的PDA平板上,25±1 ℃培养3 d,镜检后保存单菌落菌株。将分离的菌株接种到未加双抗的PDA平板上,25±1 ℃培养14 d,用透明胶带黏取菌落边缘具产孢结构的菌丝制片,然后置于显微镜下进行微观产孢结构的形态观察。

1.2 主要试剂和仪器

真菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒,北京索莱宝科技有限公司。高通量组织研磨器,宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司。

1.3 DNA提取、PCR扩增和测序

DNA提取:在PDA平板上,用无菌刀片刮取菌落上的菌丝,采用高通量组织研磨器研磨后,按照真菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒流程进行DNA提取。

PCR扩增:ITS位点扩增采用引物ITS4和ITS5[39]。PCR反应体系(25 μL):模板2 μL (10−100 mg/L),引物ITS4和ITS5 (0.4 μmol/L)均为1 μL,Master Mix 12.5 μL,ddH2O 8.5 μL。PCR反应条件:94 ℃ 5 min;94 ℃ 1 min,50 ℃ 1 min,72 ℃ 1 min,35个循环;72 ℃ 10 min。扩增后的产物检测参见罗韵等[39]的方法。

DNA测序:PCR产物经生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司纯化和测序后获得序列,经手工校对后,于GenBank进行比对和注册序列号。

1.4 序列比对和系统发育分析

参考Mongkolsamrit等[40]中白僵菌属及虫草属ITS序列与菌株A1972、A1997、GY1113、GY90809和GY90810序列在GenBank中BLAST的结果,并以淡紫紫霉Purpureocillium lilacinum (Thom) Luangsa-ard, Houbraken, Hywel-Jones & Samson为外群,经MAFFT V7.037b[41]进行序列比对、手工校正及MEGA 6软件剪切后,保存为Fasta格式。使用MrBayes 3.2进行贝叶斯推理法(bayesian inference,BI)分析[42],经Modeltest 3.7[43]检验获得最佳替换模型为GTR+G。位点间差异比率采用分布比率差异(gamma-distributed rate variation),其中部分为不变位点,其余参数为默认值;采用MCMCMC (Metropolis-coupled Markov Chain Monte Carlo)法运算10 000 000代,每500代取样1次,从得到的样本中舍弃25 000个老化样本后总结得到一致树,用TreeGraph2[44]查看。同时在软件MEGA 6中采用最大似然(maximum likelihood,ML)法经1 000次Bootstrap验证构建系统发育树[45]

2 结果与分析

2.1中国新记录种的形态描述

(1)马拉维白僵菌    图 1

图 1 马拉维白僵菌GY90809 Figure 1 Beauveria malawiensis GY90809 注:A:染病的昆虫;B−C:PDA培养基上的菌落的正面和背面;D−E:产孢结构;F:分生孢子.标尺:B−C=10 mm;D−F=10 μm. Note: A: Infected insect; B−C: Colonies on PDA; D−E: Conidiogenous structures; F: Conidia. Bars: B−C=10 mm; D−F=10 μm.

Beauveria malawiensis S.A. Rehner & Aquino de Muro, in Rehner, Muro & Bischoff, Mycotaxon 98: 140, 2006

PDA培养基上,25 ℃下生长14 d,菌落直径可达40−42 mm,无气味产生,气生菌丝白色,短绒毛状,菌落中间大量产孢后粉状。菌落背面中间淡黄色。营养菌丝,分隔,分枝,透明,表面光滑,宽1.6−2.3 μm。产孢细胞单生或簇生,基部球形,2.3−3.1 μm,顶部渐狭,具一短的细齿轴状结构,呈不规则形。分生孢子柱状,(3.0−3.7)×(1.1−1.4) μm,透明,无隔,表面光滑。

研究标本及菌株:采自花溪区桐木岭贵州省行政学院(N26°23′0.49″,E106°40′47.37″)针阔混交林的枯枝落叶层,寄主为鞘翅目瓢虫、鞘翅目瓢虫和鳞翅目松毛虫,分离得到菌株GY1113、GY90809和GY90810。菌种保存于贵州大学真菌资源研究所(GZAC)。

分布:贵州省,贵阳市;云南省,保山市[46]

(2)鳞翅目虫草    图 2

图 2 鳞翅目虫草A1997 Figure 2 Cordyceps lepidopterorum A1997 注:A:染病的昆虫;B−C:PDA培养基上的菌落的正面和背面;D:产孢结构;E:分生孢子.标尺:B−C=10 mm;D−E=10 μm. Note: A: Infected insect; B−C: Colonies on PDA; D: Conidiogenous structures; E: Conidia. Bars: B−C=10 mm; D−E=10 μm.

Cordyceps lepidopterorum Mongkols., Noisrip., Thanakitp., Spatafora & Luangsa-ard, in Mongkolsamrit, Noisripoom, Thanakitpipattana, Wutikhun, Spatafora & Luangsa-ard, Mycologia 110(1): 247, 2018

PDA培养基上,25 ℃下生长14 d,菌落直径可达56−59 mm,气生菌丝白色,致密,短绒毛状,菌落中间大量产孢后呈淡黄色。菌落背面呈淡黄色。菌丝宽1.4−2.3 μm,分隔,透明,光滑。分生孢子梗着生单个或2−3个瓶梗。瓶梗基部呈近球形膨大,上部逐渐变细,成为一明显的颈部,2.8−4.0 μm。分生孢子透明,无隔,表面光滑,呈椭圆形,(7.5−10.2)×(3.0−3.5) μm。

研究菌株:采自贵州省遵义市习水县习水自然保护区(N28°29′56″,E106°24′31″)针阔混交林枯枝落叶层,寄主为鳞翅目松毛虫,分离得到菌株A1997。菌种保存于贵州大学真菌资源研究所(GZAC)。

分布:贵州省,习水县。

2.2 已知种的形态描述

苏格兰白僵菌    图 3

图 3 苏格兰白僵菌A1972 Figure 3 Beauveria caledonica A1972 注:A:染病的昆虫;B−C:PDA培养基上的菌落的正面和背面;D−F:产孢结构;G:分生孢子.标尺:B–C=10 mm;D−G=10 μm. Note: A: Infected insect; B−C: Colonies on PDA; D−F: Conidiogenous structures; G: Conidia. Bars: B–C=10 mm; D−G= 10 μm.

Beauveria caledonica Bissett & Widden, Can. J. Bot. 66(2): 361, 1988

PDA培养基上,25 ℃下生长14 d,菌落直径可达66−73 mm,无气味产生,气生菌丝白色,短绒毛状,菌落中间大量产孢后,粉状呈浅灰色,后至淡紫色。菌落背面淡黄色。营养菌丝,分隔,分枝,透明,表面光滑,宽1.8−2.5 μm。产孢细胞单生或簇生,基部球形,2.3−2.8 μm或柱状至圆锥形膨大,(6.1−13.0)×(1.1−2.2) μm,顶部渐狭,具一短的细齿轴状结构,呈不规则形。分生孢子圆柱形,弯曲,透明,无隔,表面光滑,(1.9−3.2)×(1.2−1.5) μm。

研究菌株:采自贵州省遵义市习水县习水自然保护区(N28°29′56″,E106°24′31″)针阔混交林枯枝落叶层,寄主为鞘翅目甲虫,分离得到菌株A1972。菌种保存于贵州大学真菌资源研究所(GZAC)。

分布:贵州省,习水县;安徽省,宣城市[26]

2.3 系统发育分析

对包含32个分类单元的ITS数据集,通过贝叶斯法(BI)和最大似然法(ML)构建的系统发育树显示,两种方法得到的拓扑结构相似,主要类群能较好聚集(图 4)。其中,菌株GY1113、GY90809和GY90810与马拉维白僵菌模式菌株及其他菌株以高支持率(ML/BI为99/1)聚成一个分支;菌株A1997与鳞翅目虫草模式菌株及其他菌株以较高支持率(ML/BI为78/0.95)聚集成一个分支;菌株A1972以高支持率(ML/BI为99/1)与苏格兰白僵菌模式菌株及其他菌株聚集成一个分支。因此系统发育分析结果支持本研究5个菌株分别与其相应3个种的关系。

图 4 目标菌株及其相关种基于ITS rDNA序列构建的系统发育树 Figure 4 Phylogenetic tree of the target strains and its allies constructed from ITS rDNA sequences 注:节点上的统计数值分别为ML/BI所得数值;标尺表示进化距离;T:模式菌株. Notes: Statistical support values (ML/BI) were shown at nodes; Scale label presented distance scale; T: Refers to the ex-type strain.
3 讨论与结论

虫草类真菌由于长期和昆虫协同进化,且具有独特的杀虫作用,因此它们不仅是重要的生物防治材料,还是珍贵的药用资源[47]。已有研究表明,虫草类真菌是最具潜力的真菌类群,尤其是产生的生物活性物质引起了人们的极大关注[48]。白僵菌属是非常重要的虫草类真菌,在农林害虫生物防治中已广泛应用[49]。目前国内已报道的白僵菌包括多型白僵菌Beauveria amorpha (Höhn.) Minnis, S.A. Rehner & Humber[50]Beauveria sobolifera Zuo Y. Liu, Z.Q. Liang, Whalley, A.Y. Liu & Y.J. Yao[51],苏格兰白僵菌Beauveria caledonica Bissett & Widden[26],中华白僵菌Beauveria sinensis Ming J. Chen, Z.Z. Li & B. Huang[28],李氏白僵菌Beauveria lii Sheng L. Zhang & B. Huang[29],蛛生白僵菌Beauveria araneola Wan H. Chen, Y.F. Han, Z.Q. Liang & D.C. Jin[33],球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill.[52],布氏白僵菌Beauveria brongniartii (Sacc.) Petch[51]Beauveria loeiensis Luangsa-ard, Tasan., Khons., Thanakitp. & Somrith.[52],麻江白僵菌Beauveria majiangensis W.H. Chen, M. Liu, Z.X. Huang, G.M. Yang, Y.F. Han, J.D. Liang & Z.Q. Liang[34],云南白僵菌Beauveria yunnanensis Z.H. Chen & L. Xu[46]和保山白僵菌Beauveria baoshanensis Z.H. Chen & L. Xu[46]

马拉维白僵菌(Beauveria malawiensis)为Rehner等[53]报道的一个新的分类单元,其典型的鉴别特征为圆柱形的分生孢子,球形的分生孢子梗及球形的产孢细胞。菌株GY90809产孢细胞为球形,分生孢子呈柱状,与马拉维白僵菌的模式菌株(IMI 228343)的特征十分吻合,虽然分生孢子大小(3.0−3.7)×(1.1−1.4) μm与模式菌株(3.7−4.5)× (1.3−1.9) μm存在差异,但与菌株GY90809形态特征一致的菌株GY1113和GY90810分生孢子的大小分别为(3.8−6.2)×(1.5−1.8) μm和(2.3−3.8)× (1.3−1.6) μm。因而,马拉维白僵菌的分生孢子大小是可变的。而基于ITS rDNA序列的系统发育分析显示,菌株GY1113、GY90809和GY90810与马拉维白僵菌模式菌株IMI 228343及其他两株菌以高支持率(ML/BI为99/1)聚集成一个分支。因而,系统发育支持形态学鉴定的结果,即菌株GY1113、GY90809和GY90810为马拉维白僵菌。Chen等[46]文中虽有提及但未见描述,因而我们仍认为马拉维白僵菌为一中国新记录种。

苏格兰白僵菌(B. caledonica),为Bissett和Widden于1988年报道的新分类单元[54],其最典型的特征为分生孢子椭圆形至圆柱形,弯曲,大小随着形状而变化,[(2.4−)3.0−5.0(−6.5)]× [1.0−1.8(−2.0)] μm。菌株A1972分生孢子为圆柱形,弯曲,(1.9−3.2)×(1.2−1.5) μm,与苏格兰白僵菌模式菌株ARSEF2567的描述非常接近。而基于ITS序列的系统发育分析显示,菌株A1972与模式菌株ARSEF2567及其他菌株以高支持率(ML/BI为99/1)聚集成一个分支,因而,系统发育分析支持形态学鉴定的结果,菌株A1972为苏格兰白僵菌,为一已知种。

鳞翅目虫草(Cordyceps lepidopterorum)为Mongkolsamrit等[40]报道的新分类单元,其模式菌株(TBRC7263)典型特征为具有类棒束孢式产孢结构,瓶梗基部球形,分生孢子较大(6−10)×(3−4) μm。菌株A1997同样具有类棒束孢式产孢结构,瓶梗基部也呈球形,分生孢子椭圆形,(7.5−10.2)× (3.0−3.5) μm与鳞翅目虫草的模式菌株描述非常吻合。而基于ITS rDNA序列的系统发育分析,菌株A1997与鳞翅目虫草模式菌株TBRC7263及另一菌株TBRC7264以较高支持率(ML/BI为78/0.95)聚集成一个分支。因而,系统发育分析支持形态学鉴定结果,即菌株A1997为鳞翅目虫草。国内未见鳞翅目虫草的报道,因而鳞翅目虫草为一中国新记录种。

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