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文章信息
- 许冬冬, 康达, 郭磊艳, 郑平
- XU Dong-Dong, KANG Da, GUO Lei-Yan, ZHENG Ping
- 厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥研究进展
- Research progress on Anammox granular sludge
- 微生物学通报, 2019, 46(8): 1988-1997
- Microbiology China, 2019, 46(8): 1988-1997
- DOI: 10.13344/j.microbiol.china.190317
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文章历史
- 收稿日期: 2019-04-13
- 接受日期: 2019-05-20
- 网络首发日期: 2019-05-29
厌氧氨氧化(Anaerobic ammonium oxidation,Anammox)是厌氧氨氧化菌(Anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria,AnAOB)将氨和亚硝酸转化成氮气的生物反应[1-2]。与传统硝化反硝化脱氮工艺相比,Anammox工艺具有无需外源电子供体(如有机物)、容积负荷高、运行费用低等优点,已广泛应用于含高氨氮工业废水处理[3-4],并作为主流脱氮工艺向城市污水拓展[5-6]。2002年,全球首座Anammox工程在荷兰鹿特丹Dokhaven污水处理厂建成[7]。迄今全球已有200余座Anammox工程投产[8],应用前景广阔。
然而,由于AnAOB生长缓慢且易受环境条件的影响,Anammox工艺的实际应用仍然面临着多方面的巨大挑战[9-11]。AnAOB是Anammox工艺的根本,Anammox工艺的成功有赖于AnAOB的鼎力支持。研究证明,AnAOB具有自主选择和自主固定功能菌群并形成颗粒污泥的能力。颗粒污泥不仅赋予了Anammox反应器高效菌群,也赋予了Anammox反应器足够的功能菌量,它为Anammox反应器的高速运行和有效脱氮提供了有力保障[12-14]。因此,颗粒污泥研究成为推动Anammox工艺深入发展的重要因素。
对于Anammox颗粒污泥的研究,国内外已有不少文献报道,但未见专题文献综述[15-16]。本文拟结合文献报道和自身研究,对AnAOB的种类和特性及Anammox颗粒污泥的组成、结构和功能作一综述,以期为Anammox工艺的性能优化和应用拓展提供参考。
1 厌氧氨氧化细菌的种类和特性 1.1 厌氧氨氧化细菌的种类已鉴定的AnAOB属于浮霉菌纲(Planctomycetia)厌氧氨氧化菌目(Brocadiaceae),共6属22种。AnAOB的种类、倍增时间、生境及亲和力常数见表 1。
属 Genus |
种 Species |
倍增时间 Doubling time (d) |
来源 Source |
氨氮亲和力常数 KS for NH4+ (μmol/L) |
亚硝氮亲和力常数 KS for NO2– (μmol/L) |
参考文献 References |
Brocadia | Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans | 9-11 | 废水 Wastewater |
<5 | <5 | [17-18] |
Candidatus Brocadia fulgida | 18 | 废水 Wastewater |
640±130 | 350±90 | [19] | |
Candidatus Brocadia sinica | 7 | 废水 Wastewater |
28±4 | 34±21 | [20] | |
Candidatus Brocadia brasiliensis | - | 废水 Wastewater |
- | - | [21] | |
Candidatus Brocadia caroliniensis | - | 废水 Wastewater |
530±50 | 370±40 | [22] | |
Candidatus Brocadia sapporoensis | 3.5 | 废水 Wastewater |
- | - | [23] | |
Kuenenia | Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis | 8.3-11 | 废水 Wastewater |
- | 0.2-3 | [24] |
Jettenia | Candidatus Jettenia asiatica | - | 淡水 Freshwater |
- | - | [25] |
Candidatus Jettenia caeni | 14.2 | 废水 Wastewater |
17.1±4.3 | 35.6±0.92 | [26] | |
Candidatus Jettenia moscovienalis | 28 | 废水 Wastewater |
- | - | [27] | |
Scalindua | Candidatus Scalindua brodiae | - | 废水 Wastewater |
- | - | [28] |
Candidatus Scalindua sorokinii | - | 海水 Seawater |
- | - | [29] | |
Candidatus Scalindua wagneri | - | 废水 Wastewater |
- | - | [28] | |
Candidatus Scalindua sinooifed | - | 油藏 Oil reservoirs |
- | - | [30] | |
Candidatus Scalindua marina | - | 海洋沉积物 Marine sediments |
- | - | [31] | |
Candidatus Scalindua arabica | - | 海水 Seawater |
- | - | [32] | |
Candidatus Scalindua profunda | - | 海水 Seawater |
- | - | [33] | |
Candidatus Scalindua zhenghei | - | 海水 Seawater |
- | - | [34] | |
Candidatus Scalindua richardsii | - | 亚缺氧海区 Sub hypoxic sea area |
- | - | [35] | |
Anammoxoglobus | Candidatus Anammoxoglobus propionicus | - | 废水 Wastewater |
- | - | [36] |
Candidatus Anammoxoglobus sulfate | - | 废水 Wastewater |
- | - | [37] | |
Anammoximicrobium | Candidatus Anammoximicrobium moscowii | 32 | 淡水 Freshwater |
<29 | <27 | [38] |
AnAOB细胞呈不规则球状、卵状,直径约为0.8 μm −1.1 μm,革兰氏染色阴性。由于细胞含有大量细胞色素,AnAOB呈红色[39-40]。AnAOB细胞内有独特的区室结构,由细胞质膜、胞浆内膜、厌氧氨氧化体膜将细胞物质分隔成3个部分,从外到内分别为外室细胞质(Paryphoplasm)、核糖细胞质(Riboplasm)、厌氧氨氧化体(Anammoxosome)[41]。其中厌氧氨氧化体是AnAOB特有的细胞器,占细胞体积的50%−80%,是物质代谢和能量转换的场所。厌氧氨氧化体膜含有致密的梯形烷,可防止代谢中间产物NO和N2H4泄漏[42]。
1.3 厌氧氨氧化细菌的生理、生化和生态特性AnAOB均具有化能自养功能,在厌氧条件下氧化氨氮/亚硝氮获得能量,并以CO2作为碳源[2]。Candidatus B. fulgida、Candidatus A. propionicus、Candidatus K. stuttgartiensis等还可利用乙酸和丙酸等有机物作为电子供体,将硝酸盐异化还原为氨[43-44]。
如图 1所示,厌氧氨氧化途径分为3步:(1) Cyt cd1型亚硝酸还原酶(Nir)将亚硝酸还原为NO;(2)联氨合成酶(Hzs)将氨和NO转化成联氨;(3)联氨脱氢酶(Hdh)将联氨转化为氮气。联氨氧化释放4个电子,经细胞色素c、辅酶Q、细胞色素bc1传递给Nir、Hzs,用于亚硝酸还原和联氨合成,伴随电子传递,在厌氧氨氧化体膜内外建立质子梯度,驱动ATP合成[45]。
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图 1 厌氧氨氧化代谢模型 Figure 1 Metabolic model of anaerobic ammonuim oxidation |
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AnAOB分布广泛,海洋水体及沉积物、淡水水体及沉积物、污水处理厂构筑物以及陆地等生境中均被发现(表 1)。厌氧氨氧化发生的前提条件是氨和亚硝酸共存于缺氧环境中。在自然水体及其沉积物中,氨会在好氧/缺氧界面转化为亚硝酸,从而为AnAOB的生存提供条件;而在人工废水处理系统中,氨常因氧气供应不足而容易氧化成亚硝酸,从而为AnAOB的生长提供适宜场所[16, 46]。
2 厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的组成与结构颗粒污泥最早发现于上流式厌氧污泥床反应器(Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket,UASB)[47],后来也发现于好氧反应器[48-49]。根据2006年荷兰代尔夫特好氧颗粒污泥研讨会的定义,颗粒污泥是尺寸大于0.2 mm的生物颗粒[50]。AnAOB易团聚形成颗粒污泥[51],并借助自身的重力沉降堆积形成污泥床[52],赋予Anammox反应器高效脱氮功能[53-54]。
2.1 厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的组成根据物理状态,Anammox颗粒污泥的组成可分为气、液、固三相。气相部分包括颗粒污泥空腔和孔道内的气体,AnAOB将氨和亚硝酸转化成氮气,可积累于空腔内,并通过孔道由内向外传输[55]。液相包括颗粒污泥空腔和孔道内的液体。空腔和孔道不是被气体占据,就是被液体占据。Xu等研究发现,在颗粒污泥的反应过程中,空腔和孔道中气液比会发生周期性的变化,其原因是颗粒污泥的产气和释气循环[56]。根据化学成分,固相部分可分为无机固体和有机固体。有机固体又可细分为菌体和胞外多聚物(Extracellular polymeric substance,EPS)。Anammox颗粒污泥气、液、固三相的比例是功能菌活性和数量的显示。
Anammox颗粒污泥可自主选择、组合和固定功能菌群,赋予颗粒污泥高效的生化反应性能和优良的重力沉降性能。Anammox颗粒污泥中的功能菌群可分为AnAOB和其他伴生菌。其中AnAOB为优势菌,相对丰度较高(一般超过50%)。此外,绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、绿菌门(Chlorobi)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)等菌群也有一定的丰度(30%−70%)[43, 57]。Lawson等采用宏基因组、宏转录组等分子生物学手段,检测了Anammox颗粒污泥中AnAOB和异养菌的基因分布和表达水平,并推测了它们之间的相互作用;研究结果显示,绿菌门可高效分解胞外多肽并将硝酸盐还原成亚硝酸,从而为AnAOB提供反应物,同时为AnAOB清除代谢产物[58]。Zhao等研究发现,装甲菌门(Armatimonadetes)和变形菌门可为AnAOB提供生长因子叶酸和钼辅因子[59]。AnAOB与伴生菌的共存是Anammox颗粒污泥组成的重要成分。
Anammox颗粒污泥中的功能菌合成并分泌的EPS不仅利于自我保护,用作碳源和能源,还可用作粘结剂促使细胞团聚[60]。EPS的主要成分是蛋白质和多糖,还有少量脂质、核酸以及腐殖酸类物质[53]。一般认为EPS是污泥颗粒化的重要致因,它积累于细胞外,提高了细胞的粘附性,促进了细胞与细胞之间、细胞与颗粒之间粘连聚集[61]。迄今令人费解的是,自养型Anammox颗粒污泥的EPS含量高于异养型厌氧颗粒污泥(表 2),可推测EPS在Anammox颗粒污泥的形成、维持和工作中发挥着重要作用。然而,具体到EPS的两大宏量组分(蛋白质和多糖)在污泥颗粒中的作用,目前认识不一。Liu等[67]研究发现,蛋白质含量与细菌细胞表面的疏水性呈正相关;Hou等[61]则发现,蛋白质中含有大量疏水性氨基酸且其结构松散,能够充分暴露内部的疏水基团,从而促进Anammox颗粒污泥的形成;另外一些研究表明,多糖在污泥颗粒化过程中发挥着更为重要的作用,多糖中含有羧基、羟基等带负电荷的官能团,具有细胞之间的架桥作用,可促进颗粒污泥形成[65]。有关EPS中蛋白质和多糖的组成及其动态变化,依然存在许多盲点,值得深入研究。
颗粒污泥 Granular sludge |
胞外多聚物 Extracellular polymers (mg per g VSS) |
参考文献 References |
||
蛋白质 Proteins |
多糖 Polysaccharides |
蛋白质/多糖 PN/PS |
||
厌氧氨氧化颗粒 Anammox granules |
164.4±9.3 | 71.8±2.3 | 2.29 | [53] |
下沉厌氧氨氧化颗粒 Settling anammox granules |
234.25 | 90.78 | 2.57 | [62] |
上浮厌氧氨氧化颗粒 Floating anammox granules |
323.37 | 76.84 | 4.15 | [62] |
厌氧颗粒 Anaerobic granules |
42.7±38.7 | 17.3±0.8 | 2.80 | [63] |
好氧颗粒 Aerobic granules |
40 | 16 | 2.50 | [64] |
酚类降解颗粒 Phenol-degrading granules |
240±13 | 61.0±9.4 | 3.93 | [65] |
产氢颗粒 Hydrogen-producing granules |
70.9±4.5 | 115.6±5.2 | 0.60 | [66] |
关于Anammox颗粒污泥的结构,目前普遍认为可分为4个层次:细胞单体、菌胶团(细胞簇)、亚单位(细胞簇复合体)和颗粒污泥(图 2)[56, 59, 68]。在扫描和透射电镜下观察AnAOB细胞(1.2所述,图 2A)可见,细胞间通过EPS粘连,形成菌胶团(几μm到几十μm,图 2B);菌胶团进一步在EPS和丝状菌的桥接下形成亚单位(几十μm到几百μm,图 2C);多个亚单位最终整合成颗粒污泥(几百μm到几mm,图 2D)。
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图 2 厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的四级结构 Figure 2 Four-level structure of Anammox granular sludge 注:A:厌氧氨氧化菌;B:菌胶团;C:亚单位;D:颗粒污泥. Note: A: AnAOB; B: Cell clusters; C: Subunits; D: Granule. |
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据文献报道,按接种物类型可将污泥团聚机理分为两种类型(图 3)。第一种类型,采用颗粒污泥(好氧、厌氧或厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥)作为接种物,在厌氧氨氧化系统中,由于生境条件的变化,接种颗粒污泥逐渐解体,解体的细小颗粒污泥被用作内核,在EPS的作用下促进AnAOB粘附,伴随着基质的利用,AnAOB生长繁殖,形成菌胶团,多个菌胶团在EPS和丝状菌的粘接下形成亚单元,多个亚单元团聚成颗粒污泥。第二种类型,采用非颗粒性混培物作为接种物,生境中以沉淀物形式存在的多价阳离子(如钙、铁、镁离子)被用作AnAOB的粘附剂和颗粒化的内核,后续颗粒化步骤类同于上述第一种类型[15]。
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图 3 厌氧氨氧化污泥颗粒化机理 Figure 3 Granulation mechanism of Anammox sludge |
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由于Anammox颗粒污泥以外表面与环境接触,颗粒污泥外层会发育形成类似“皮肤”边界层。由于AnAOB富含血红素,通常Anammox颗粒污泥显现红色[69]。由于受基质传递的限制,Anammox颗粒污泥生长到一定尺度(mm级)时趋向稳定。若基质供不应求,颗粒污泥内部细胞死亡、水解,一方面可作为营养物质,支持异氧菌生活,另一方面产生空穴,持留气体产物。颗粒污泥内部积累气体产物,既可导致颗粒密度下降而漂浮,又可造成内压过大而破裂。前者随出水流失,后者成为新的颗粒污泥组合单元,进入Anammox颗粒污泥的下一轮生命周期[70]。
3 厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的功能Anammox脱氮系统的效能与功能菌群的活性和数量密切相关。因此,理想的颗粒污泥应有较高的代谢活性和较好的沉降性能。
3.1 厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的沉降性能AnAOB生长缓慢,倍增时间长(表 1),形成沉降性能优良的颗粒污泥有利于功能菌在反应器中的有效持留和循环使用。因此,Anammox颗粒污泥的沉降性能关乎反应器的成败。Anammox颗粒污泥的沉降性能可用自由沉降速度表征。在液相中,颗粒污泥的自由沉降速度是重力、浮力、黏滞阻力等综合作用的结果。在上流式颗粒污泥床反应器中,当颗粒污泥的沉降速度大于上升水流速度时,颗粒污泥沉降持留于反应器底部;当颗粒污泥的沉降速度小于上升水流速度时,颗粒污泥被上升水流洗出反应器;当颗粒污泥的沉降速度等于上升水流速度时,颗粒污泥悬浮于反应器中[40]。根据斯托克斯公式,颗粒污泥的自由沉降速度与粒径和密度相关。Lu等[71]研究证实,颗粒污泥的粒径和密度是决定沉降速度的关键因素,颗粒污泥的沉降速度随粒级的增大而提高,但随着粒径的增大,颗粒污泥内部聚集氮气,导致颗粒污泥密度下降,产生颗粒污泥漂浮。Lu等[71]认为,粒径在1.75 mm−2.20 mm范围内时,Anammox颗粒污泥具有最优沉降性能。
3.2 厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的反应性能Anammox反应器的脱氮能力源于颗粒污泥内的功能菌群。颗粒污泥的反应性能关乎反应器的成效。Anammox颗粒污泥的反应性能可用比厌氧氨氧化活性(Specific Anammox activity,SAA)来表征[72]。迄今为止,文献报道的最高Anammox颗粒污泥比活性为5.6±0.9 kg N/(kg VSS·d)[16],具有良好的脱氮潜力。SAA是基质传递速率和菌种代谢速率的综合体现。显然,要获得高活性的Anammox颗粒污泥,不仅要有理想的菌种,还要有理想的传质通道。
功能菌群对基质的代谢速率主要取决于菌种类型、菌体数量以及基质浓度[73-74]。据Strous等研究,AnAOB只有在细胞密度高于1010−1011个/mL时,才能够显现Anammox活性[75],颗粒污泥中可固定大量AnAOB,这是其显现高活性的根本。McArthur等根据进化对策,将生物区分为r对策者和K对策者[76]。对于AnAOB,一般认为Kuenenia是K对策者,基质亲和力较大,但基质转化速率较慢;而Brocadia是r对策者,基质转化速率较快,但基质亲和力较小[77]。利用r对策者和K对策者的生理特性,可通过调控基质(氨和亚硝酸)来优化颗粒污泥中功能菌群落的组成和结构。
Anammox颗粒污泥的基质传递速率受颗粒污泥结构(如粒径大小、内部孔隙大小及其分布)、功能菌群在颗粒污泥中的空间分布以及流体湍流程度等的影响[40, 66, 78]。颗粒污泥的传质过程可分为外部传质和内部传质。基质(氨和亚硝酸)先由液相扩散并附着至颗粒表面(外部传质),再通过孔道由颗粒表面向内部扩散(内部传质)[79]。对于外部传质,反应器产气以及水流上升速度提高都可增大流体湍流程度,从而加快液固界面传质[73-74]。对于内部传质,由于颗粒污泥内部孔隙结构的复杂性,迄今传质机理没有完全探明。陆慧锋通过比较不同粒径的Anammox颗粒污泥的比活性发现,当粒径超过1 mm时,颗粒污泥比活性受到抑制,据此推测随着颗粒污泥粒径的增大,其比表面积降幅增加,基质传递速率的受限程度加剧[68]。Zhu等研究得出,在0.5−0.9 mm的粒级范围内,Anammox颗粒污泥的活性最高[80]。胡倩怡发现,颗粒污泥的孔隙率随粒径的增大而减小,传质阻力则因此而增大[55]。由于存在基质浓度梯度,在颗粒内部传质推动力逐渐降低,位于颗粒污泥核心的功能菌群极易受基质传递(供给)速率的严重限制[70]。综上可知,要保证优良的反应性能,宜将Anammox颗粒污泥粒径控制在一定粒级范围内。
4 总结与展望Anammox工艺因其容积效能高、运行费用低、污泥产量低等优点而受到人们青睐。其中,基于颗粒污泥的Anammox工艺又因高效、经济、简便而广泛应用。对于Anammox污泥颗粒床工艺,颗粒污泥的质量和数量是其高效、稳定运行的根本保障。本文综述了AnAOB的种类和特性及Anammox颗粒污泥的组成、结构和功能,以期深入理解Anammox脱氮过程,助力Anammox工艺的优化和应用。对于Anammox颗粒污泥的研究,目前仍有不少盲区,值得今后深入研究:
(1) 有关Anammox颗粒污泥的功能菌群,已有不少研究报道,但依然缺乏足够的信息。例如,在Anammox系统中,究竟涉及多少种功能菌?它们各有什么作用?它们有怎样的动态变化规律。
(2) 有关Anammox颗粒污泥床工艺的应用,已在高氨废水脱氮中取得了成功,但有待拓展应用于低氨废水脱氮。在低氨废水脱氮中,面临功能菌饥饿胁迫、颗粒污泥解体、颗粒污泥入不敷出等挑战。
(3) 有关Anammox颗粒污泥活性的优化,已经关注基质转化速率方面的研究,但没有关注基质传递速率方面的研究。若能引进微型CT技术,探明颗粒污泥中的孔隙大小、分布及动态变化,将助力颗粒污泥传质性能的改善。
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