微生物学通报  2019, Vol. 46 Issue (6): 1537−1548

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文章信息

杨恩东, 崔丹曦, 汪维云
YANG En-Dong, CUI Dan-Xi, WANG Wei-Yun
马赛菌属细菌研究进展
Research progress on the genus Massilia
微生物学通报, 2019, 46(6): 1537-1548
Microbiology China, 2019, 46(6): 1537-1548
DOI: 10.13344/j.microbiol.china.180573

文章历史

收稿日期: 2018-07-23
接受日期: 2018-11-19
网络首发日期: 2018-12-13
马赛菌属细菌研究进展
杨恩东 , 崔丹曦 , 汪维云     
安徽农业大学生命科学学院    安徽  合肥    230036
摘要: 1998年La Scola等以Massilia timonae UR/MT95T为模式种建立了马赛菌属(Massilia )。近10年来对该菌的研究发展迅速,目前该属包含43个有效描述种,其分类地位为:细菌域(Bacteria )变形菌门(Proteobacteria ) β变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria )伯克霍尔德氏菌目(Burkholderiales )草酸杆菌科(Oxalobacteraceae )。该菌群在土壤环境中广泛分布,此外从人类临床样本、植物、水、冰芯、空气和岩石等生境中也分离得到。马赛菌不仅能够合成多种次级代谢产物和酶,而且具有溶磷、降解菲和耐受重金属等多种功能,因此近年来引起了各国研究者的广泛关注。本文综述了马赛菌属的发现、建立、分类学特征、生态分布、生物学特性及其在土壤修复领域、化工和医药生产等领域的研究进展和应用前景。
关键词: 马赛菌属    细菌    分类    次级代谢产物    应用    
Research progress on the genus Massilia
YANG En-Dong , CUI Dan-Xi , WANG Wei-Yun     
School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
Abstract: The genus of Massilia was proposed by La Scola et al with Massilia timonae UR/MT95T as the type species in 1998. In the last decade, studies on this genus have got much attention and undergone fast developments. Up to date, this genus comprises 43 validly described species, which belongs to the family Oxalobacteraceae of the class Betaproteobacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria . Members of genus Massilia widely distribute in soil, as well as clinical specimen, plant, water, ice core, air and the surface of rock. Massilia can not only synthesize multiple secondary metabolites and enzymes, but also have many functions such as phosphorus solubilization, degradation of phenanthrene and resistance to heavy metals. Massilia has attracted the attention of researchers in various countries. This paper reviews the research progress of the establishment of Massilia , taxonomic characteristics, their distribution in the environments, as well as the application prospect in soil remediation, chemical and medical industry.
Keywords: Massilia    Bacteria    Taxonomy    Secondary metabolites    Application    

马赛菌属(Massilia )菌株隶属于细菌域(Bacteria )变形菌门(Proteobacteria )β变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria )伯克霍尔德氏菌目(Burkholderiales )草酸杆菌科(Oxalobacteraceae ),目前已发现43个有效描述种,其典型特征为革兰氏染色反应阴性,细胞杆状、不产芽孢、好氧,能运动(M. arvi THG-RS2OTM. humi THG-S6.8TM. glaciei B448-2TM. varians comb. CCUG 35299T除外);其主要脂肪酸有C16:1ω7c 和/或iso -C15:0 2-OH、C18:1ω 7c、C16:0和C10:0 3-OH。主要呼吸醌为Q-8,主要极性脂有双磷脂酰甘油(Diphosphatidylglycerol)、磷脂酰乙醇胺(Phosphatidylethanolamine)和磷脂酰甘油(Phosphatidylglycerol);DNA中(G+C)mol%含量较高,达62.0-69.9 mol%[1-2]。菌落一般为黄色、白色、黄褐色,少数菌株有更加鲜艳的颜色,例如粉红色[3-4]和紫色。

马赛菌属成员表现出多种生理活性,例如,Massilia tieshanensis TS3T能够耐受As3+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Ni2+和Cd2+等多种重金属[5];恶臭马赛菌(M. putida 6NM-7T)能够产生二甲基二硫醚[6]Massilia sp. WG5能够降解菲[7]M. chloroacetimidivorans TA-C7eT能够降解氯乙酰胺[8]Massilia sp. UMI-21能够合成聚羟基烷酸酯(Polyhydroxyalkanoates,PHA)等。因此,马赛菌属菌株在农业、工业、医药和环境等领域具有巨大的潜在应用潜力。本文对马赛菌的发现、建立、生态分布、生物学特性及其应用前景进行综述。

1 马赛菌属的建立及研究现状 1.1 马赛菌属的建立

马赛菌属菌株最初是在1998年由La Scola等从一位患有免疫功能缺失的25岁小脑损伤患者的血液中分离的,16S rRNA基因序列分析表明该菌与Duganella zoogloeoides (formerly Zoogloea ramigera 115)和Telluria mixta 相似性最高,进一步研究发现该菌在细胞形态、(G+C)mol%含量和脂肪酸组成等方面与后者存在明显差异,综合基因型与表型特征,以菌株Massilia timonae 为模式菌株,建立了一个新的菌属——马赛菌属(Massilia )[9]。Xu等[10]研究发现在Naxibacter alkalitolerans 中存在一种特殊的极性脂——磷脂酰肌醇甘露糖苷,这是首次在革兰氏阴性菌中发现这种极性脂,因此他们建议将Naxibacter 作为草酸杆菌科的一个新属。但Kämpfer等[11-12]和Weon等[13]研究发现Naxibacter alkalitoleran s 并不含有磷脂酰肌醇甘露糖苷,这与Xu等[10]研究结果明显不同。Kämpfer等[12]认为MassiliaNaxibacter 属之间并没有明显的属间差异,建议将Naxibater 属下的4个种都重新划分到马赛菌属下。虽然马赛菌属从发现至今只有短短20年时间,但各国学者对此属种的分类以及生物学功效已有较为系统的认识。

1.2 马赛菌属有效发表的种

自La Scola等[9]于1998年首次发现Massilia 至今20年间,一些新的马赛菌属新种相继被发现,截至2018年9月,已经正式发表的马赛菌属细菌种有43个,其中从土壤中分离发现的菌种数量最多,包括M. agri K3-1T[14]M. alkalitolerans YIM 31775T (Naxibacter alkalitolerans YIM 31775T),M. arvi THG-RS2OT[15]M. brevitalea byr23-80T[16]M. chloroacetimidivorans TA-C7eT[8]M. flava Y9T[17]M. albidiflava 45TM. dura 16TM. lutea 101TM. plicata 76T[18]M. humi THG-S6.8T[19]M .kyonggiensis TSA1T[20]M. lurida D5T[21]M. namucuonensis 333-1-0411T[22]M. neuiana PTW21T[23]M. phosphatilytica 12OD1T[24]M. pinisoli T33T[25]M. putida 6NM-7T[6]M. agilis J9TM. solisilvae J18TM. terrae J11T[26]M. tieshanensis TS3T[5]M. umbonata LPO1T[27]M. violacea CAVIOT[28]M. armeniaca T[29]等;其次是从空气中分离的,包括M. aerilata 5516S-11T[30]M. jejuensis 5317J-18TM. suwonensis (Naxibacter suwonensis 5414S-25T)[13]M. niabensis 5420S-26TM. niastensis 5516S-1T[31]M. norwichensis NS9T[3]等;从水中分离的菌株有M. aurea AP13T[32];从冰川中分离的菌株包括M. eurypsychrophila B528-3T[4]M. glaciei B448-2T[2]M. psychrophila B1555-1T[33]M. yuzhufengensis Y1243-1T[34]M. violaceinigra B2T[35]等;从人类临床标本分离的菌株有M. oculi CCUG 43427AT[36]M. timonae UR/MT95T[9]M. varians CCUG 35299T (Naxibacter varians CCUG 35299T),M. haematophilus (Naxibacter haematophilus CCUG 38318T)和Massilia consociata CCUG 58010T[11-12];此外还有分离自岩石表面的马赛菌,如M. buxea A9T[1]。显然,土壤是马赛菌的主要生存环境,占总菌种数的60%,另外空气、水、岩石表面及生物体内等生境也有马赛菌的分布。已发表的马赛菌菌种名称及其分离生境信息等详见表 1

表 1 已发表马赛菌新种的来源、生长特性及其潜在功能 Table 1 Diverse sources, growth characteristics and potential functions of validly published Massilia species
种名
Species
栖息地
Habitat
具体类型
Specific type
温度
Growth temperature (℃)
酸碱度
pH
功能
Function
参考文献
References
M. aurea AP13T
Water
饮用水
Drinking water
4-30  4.0-9.0 黄色素
Yellow pigment
[32]
M. eurypsychrophila B528-3T 冰芯
Ice core
慕士塔格冰川
Muztagh Glacier
0-25 5.0-10.0 粉色素
Pink pigment
[4]
M. glaciei B448-2T 冰芯
Ice core
慕士塔格冰川
Muztagh Glacier
4-30 5.0-9.0 - [2]
M. psychrophila B1555T 冰芯
Ice core
慕士塔格冰川
Muztagh Glacier
10-25 6.0-9.0 黄色素
Yellow pigment
[33]
M. yuzhufengensis Y1243-1T 冰芯
Ice core
玉珠峰冰川
Yuzhufeng Glacier
2-35 5.0-8.0 黄色素
Yellow pigment
[34]
M. violaceinigra B2T 土壤
Soil
永久冻土
Permafrost
4-28 5.0-9.0 紫色素
Purple pigment
[35]
M. agilis J9TM. solisilvae J18TM. terrae J11T 土壤
Soil
森林土壤
Forest soil
4-46 4.0-9.0 - [26]
M. agri K3-1T 土壤
Soil
开垦草地土壤
Reclaimed grassland soil
4-45 5.0-10.0 黄色素
Yellow pigment
[14]
M. albidiflava 45TM. dura 16TM. plicata 76TM. lutea 101T 土壤
Soil
重金属污染土壤
soil samples polluted with heavy metals
10-45  6·5-8·5 黄色素
Yellow pigment
[18]
M. alkalitolerans comb YIM 31775T 土壤
Soil
土壤
Soil
4-55 6.0-12.0 耐碱
Alkali resisting
[10]
M. arvi THG-RS2OT 土壤
Soil
休耕土壤
Fallow-land soil
10-42 6.5-7.0 产铁载体
Siderophore producing
[15]
M. brevitalea byr23-80T 土壤
Soil
土壤浓度计
Lysimeter soil
4-30 7.0-7.5 细胞表面有大量瘤状突起,二元分裂
Numerous protuberances of the cell envelope, divided by binary fission
[16]
M.chloroacetimidivorans TA-C7eT 土壤
Soil
农田土壤
Agricultural soil
15-40 6.0-7.5 降解氯乙酰胺(除草剂)
Chloroacetamide-degrading (herbicide)
[8]
M. flava Y9T 土壤
Soil
土壤
Soil
10-45 6.5-8.5 黄色素
Yellow pigment
[17]
M. humi THG-S6.8T 土壤
Soil
土壤
Soil
4-42 6.0-9.5 - [19]
M. kyonggiensis TSA1T 土壤
Soil
森林土壤
Forest soil
25-37 5.0-9.0 - [20]
M. lurida D5T 土壤
Soil
向日葵试验田土壤
Experimental sunflower field
10-37 6.0-9.0 黄色素
Yellow pigment
[21]
M. namucuonensis 333-1-0411T 土壤
Soil
盐湖岸边土
Saltwater Lake
4-37 5.5-9.5 - [22]
M. neuiana PTW21T 土壤
Soil
河边湿润土壤
Riverbank wet soil
10-45 4.5-12.5 - [23]
M. phosphatilytica 12OD1T 土壤
Soil
长期施肥农田土壤
Long-term fertilized soil
4-34 5.0-8.0 溶磷
Phosphate-solubilizing
[24]
M. pinisoli T33T 土壤
Soil
森林土壤
Forest soil
10-37  5.0-9.0 - [25]
M. putida 6NM-7 T 土壤
Soil
钨矿山尾矿
Wolfram mine tailing
25-37 6.0-8.0 抗重金属,产二甲基二硫醚
Resistant to heavy metals, dimethyl disulfide-producing
[6]
M. tieshanensis TS3T 土壤
Soil
矿区土壤(砷污染)
Mining soil (arsenic pollution)
10-40 5.0-9.0 抗重金属
Resistant to heavy metals
[5]
M. umbonata LPO1T 土壤
Soil
土壤与污水堆肥样品
Sewage sludge compost-soil
4-37 7.0-8.0 产生多聚β羟基丁酸酯
Accumulate poly-β-hydroxybutyrate
[27]
M. violacea CAVIOT 土壤
Soil
河岸土
Riverbank soil
10-35 5.8-9.2 紫色素
Purple pigment
[28]
M. armeniaca ZMN-3T 土壤
Soil
沙漠土壤
Desert soil
10-45 5.0-9.0 黄色素
Yellow pigment
[29]
M. buxea A9T 岩石
Rock
湖边岩石表面 10-37 6.0-9.0 黄色素
Yellow pigment
[1]
M. aerilata 5516S-11T 空气
Air
空气
Air
5-35 5.0-9.0 - [30]
M.niabensis 5420S-2T, M. niastensis 5516S-1T 空气
Air
空气
Air
5-35 7.0-9.0 - [31]
M. norwichensis NS9T 空气
Air
空气
Air
- - - [3]
M . haematophilus comb. CCUG38318T 人体
Humen
患者血液
Human blood
15-37 5.5-10.5 - [11]
Massilia consociata CCUG 58010T 人体
Humen
血液
Blood
25-30 5.5-10.5 - [12]
M. oculi CCUG 43427AT 人体
Humen
眼内炎患者眼部
Eye of a patient suffering from endophthalmitis
15-37 ℃ 5.5-10.5 - [36]
M. timonae UR/MT95T 人体
Humen
患者血液
Human blood
28-37 - - [9]
M. varians comb. CCUG 35299T 人体
Humen
90岁老人眼部
Eye of a 90-year-old man
15-37 5.5-10.5 - [11]
注:-:未见报道.
Note: -: No reference.
1.3 马赛菌属的分类学特征

1.3.1 形态和生理生化特征 马赛菌菌落多为黄色,少数为白色、粉色或紫黑色[3-4],细胞形态多杆状,不产生芽孢,其中大部分细胞长度在1.0µm-4.0 µm范围内,而少数菌株[2, 15-16]细胞长达几十微米,个别菌株细胞长度受培养基成分影响变化很大[16]。除M. arvi THG-RS2OT[15]M. humi THG-S6.8T[19]M. glaciei B448-2T[2]M. varians comb. CCUG 35299T[11]不能运动外,绝大多数马赛菌具有鞭毛,能运动。马赛菌为好氧菌,革兰氏反应阴性。大部分菌株最适生长温度为28-30℃,最适生长pH值为7.0-7.5,而冰芯来源的马赛菌M. eurypsychrophila B528-3T最适生长温度仅为10℃。不同菌株氧化酶、脲酶、七叶灵和明胶水解结果不同。

1.3.2 化学分类学特征 马赛菌主要的脂肪酸有C16:1ω7c和/或iso -C15:02-OH,C18:1ω7c,C16:0和C10:03-OH,主要的极性脂有双磷脂酰甘油(Diphosphatidylglycerol)、磷脂酰乙醇胺(Phosphatidylethanolamine)和磷脂酰甘油(Phosphatidylglycerol)。主要呼吸醌为Q-8,少数菌株含有少量的Q-7或Q-9。

1.3.3 分子分类学特征 马赛菌属隶属于草酸杆菌科,在基于草酸杆菌科中相关菌株16S rRNA基因序列构建的系统进化树中,马赛菌属内有效描述种形成2个分支(图 1)。8株有效种聚于一个分支,其中冰川来源的5株马赛菌中,除M. yuzhufengensis Y1243-1T外的4株M. glaciei B448-2TM. eurypsychrophila B528-3TM. psychrophila B1555-1TM. violaceinigra B2T都在这个分支,我们新分离的菌株SOD也在这个分支内。另外35个有效描述种形成一个分支,并分为2个亚分支。其中Massilia violacea CAVIOTMassilia armeniaca ZMN-3TMassilia humi THG S6.8TPseudoduganellaDuganella 部分菌株聚类在一起,说明它们亲缘关系较近,它们的分类地位有待进一步研究。能够产生PHA的7株马赛菌中,有5株聚于一个亚分支,我们从岩石表面分离到的菌株M. buxea A9T在这个分支内。马赛菌属成员基因组DNA中(G+C)mol%含量为62 mol%-69.9 mol%[1-2]

图 1 基于马赛菌属代表菌株及相关菌株的16S rRNA基因序列构建的系统进化树 Figure 1 Neighbor-Joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences of the representative members of the genera of Massilia and some other related taxa 注:菌株名称后括号内的序号为NCBI序列编号;分支点上数字为重复1 000次的自展值;标尺0.01为核苷酸替换率. Note: NCBI accession numbers were listed behind strain numbers in parentheses; Numbers at nodes indicate percentage levels of bootstrap support based on a Neighbor-Joining analysis of 1 000 resampled datasets; The scale bar indicates 0.01 substitutions per nucleotide position.

本实验室分别从岩石表面和土壤分离得到了2株马赛菌A9和SOD。基于16S rRNA基因序列、DNA-DNA杂交以及呼吸醌等多相分类学实验结果,将菌株A9鉴定为马赛菌属的一个新种,命名为M. buxea A9T[1] (菌株SOD部分研究工作将另文发表)。

2 马赛菌属细菌种分布的生境多样性

马赛菌属细菌在全球分布广泛,先后在中国[1, 4, 24, 33-34]、韩国[26, 31]、尼泊尔[14]、西班牙[32, 37]和英国[3]等不同国家的不同自然环境中被发现。

马赛属细菌除了分布广泛,其分布地点的生态环境也十分多样,目前已发现不仅在冰、水、土壤等生境广泛存在,而且能在岩石表层、空气和植物体内稳定生存,还有部分菌株分离自人类临床样本,比如病患的血液或眼睛。

2.1 冰水环境

2006年,Gallego等[32]在西班牙塞维利亚地区的应用水系统中分离到了菌株M. aurea AP13T,该菌株可在pH 4.0-9.0的水中存活,这是第一株分离自水中的马赛属菌株。此外,研究者从冰川冰芯中也分离到了许多马赛菌。自从Anesio和Laybourn Parry在2012年提出“目前地球上最寒冷的生物群系并不是分布在苔原,而是分布在南北极以及青藏高原冰冻圈”后,这些极寒生境中耐低温的极端微生物成为人们研究的热点[38]。近年来刘勇勤等先后从青藏高原玉珠峰冰芯和新疆慕士塔格冰川的冰芯中分离出菌株M. yuzhufengensis Y1243T[34]M. eurypsychrophila [4]M. psychrophila B1555T[33]M. glaciei B448-2T[2],这些分离自寒冷环境下的菌株可在0-25℃生长,而且马赛菌表现出的耐低温性在工业上有潜在的应用价值。马赛菌属对温度也表现出高度的适应性,不同的马赛菌能够在0-55℃范围内生长(表 1)。

2.2 土壤

研究者一般倾向于研究特殊地域土壤的微生物,例如重金属污染土壤,或是施肥过量的农田土壤。M. tieshanensis TS3T是从湖北大冶市铁山区土壤中分离出的菌株,由于该地常年熔炼金、铜等重金属,砷和其他重金属的浓度在这一地区水、土壤和沉积物中含量极高,土壤砷浓度高达337.2 mg/kg。菌株M. tieshanensis TS3T能够耐受As3+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Ni2+和Cd2+等多种重金属,而且其对Cu2+的耐受性高达4 mmol/L,明显高于其同属的其他菌株[5]。此外,从其它特殊土壤环境也分离到了若干马赛菌,例如菌株M. phosphatilytica 12OD1T分离自黑龙江地区某长期施肥的土壤中[24];菌株M. agri K-3-1T分离自尼泊尔开垦草地土壤[14]M. dura 16TM. albidiflava 45TM. plicata 75TM. lutea 101T分离自中国南京郊区受重金属污染的农田土壤[18];M. pinisoli T33T分离自韩国京畿大学森林土壤[25]M. umbonata LPO1T[27]分离自污泥混合物等。

2.3 空气

Weon等[30]在研究空气中的细菌数量时,分离到一株菌落为黄色的菌株5516S-11T,经鉴定为马赛菌属的一个新种,被命名为M. aerilata 5516S-11T。随后Weon等[13, 31]又陆续从空气中分离发现了4株马赛属新菌,分别是M. jejuensisM. niabensisM. niastensisM. suwonensis

2.4 生物体内

Kämpfer等[36]从一个眼内炎患者的眼睛内分离出马赛菌M. oculi ,此菌对pH表现出高度适应性,能在pH 5.5-10.5的环境中存活。Park等[39]在病患耳鼓膜内脓液分离到一株能导致中耳炎的致病原细菌,这是Massilia sp.首次作为致病原细菌被发现。Bassas-Galia等[37]从植物体分离到6株马赛菌,16S rRNA基因序列分析发现,菌株4D6、5F6、2C4和4D3c与M. plicataM. niabensisM. niastensisM. aerilata 相似性分别为99.9%、99.3%、97.5%和97.9%。Massilia sp. UMI-21分离自一种称为石莼的海藻[40]

3 马赛菌的应用研究

由于马赛菌属菌株分布广、适应环境能力强且具有潜在的重要应用价值,其应用研究一直受到人们的重视,并主要集中在土壤修复、产酶和其他代谢产物等方面。

3.1 土壤修复与改良

3.1.1 产生二甲基二硫醚 溴甲烷是一种效果显著的土壤熏蒸剂,但因其会破坏臭氧层,严重危害到地球环境和人类健康,国际上正在大力寻找替代溴甲烷的新型土壤熏蒸剂。二甲基二硫醚(DMDS)是联合国溴甲烷技术选择委员会提出的一种新型的土壤熏蒸剂替代品,在防治土壤病原真菌以及杀灭线虫方面具有显著效果。2016年,Feng等[6]在中国江西大余县钨矿区的矿砂中分离获得了恶臭马赛菌(M. putida) 6NM-7,它能够产生二甲基二硫醚,表明该菌株在防治土传病害和研发新型土壤熏蒸剂等方面具有潜在应用价值。

3.1.2 降解多环芳烃菲和氯乙酰胺类除草剂 菲是一种三环的多环芳烃,而多环芳烃(Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)是一种挥发性的有机污染物,具有潜在的致癌以及致畸性。PAHs具有低水溶性和疏水性,能强烈地分配到非水相中,吸附于土壤颗粒物中,并通过生物富集进入食物链,危害人体健康。近年来,多环芳烃污染土壤的修复与治理已引起各国学者的广泛关注[41-43],研究表明微生物降解是消除环境中多环芳烃的最有效途径[44-45]。2016年Wang等[46]从多环芳烃污染土壤中分离到一株高效降解菲的菌株WF1,经形态学观察、生理生化特征和16S rRNA基因序列分析,鉴定WF1属于马赛菌属。Lou等[7]也从江苏地区多环芳烃高度污染的土壤中分离出了能降解菲的菌株WG5,经鉴定为马赛菌。可见马赛菌属的部分菌株在修复菲污染土壤方面具有潜在应用价值。

酰胺类除草剂是目前世界上用量最大的除草剂之一,其中氯乙酰胺又在其中占很大比例,其在抑制作物杂草危害的同时也污染了环境。Lee等[8]从农田土壤中分离筛选到一株能够降解氯乙酰胺的菌株TA-C7e,鉴定为M. chloroacetimidivorans TA-C7eT

3.1.3 重金属抗性 重金属抗性菌株的分离筛选是利用微生物修复重金属污染水土的首要前提。Du等[5]从湖北省大冶市铁山区的金属矿土中筛选出一株细菌TS3,多相分类鉴定表明菌株TS3属于马赛菌属,并命名为M. tieshanensis TS3T,该菌株对As3+、Cu2、Sb3+、Zn2+、Ni2+和Cd2+均有抗性;Feng等[6]发现M. putida 6NM-7T能够耐受1.0 mmol/L Cd2+、0.5 mmol/L Zn2+和1.5 mmol/L Pb2+。由此可见,马赛菌属的部分菌株具有抗多种重金属的能力,但关于马赛菌修复土壤或水体重金属污染的研究还未见报道。

3.1.4 溶磷功能 磷是植物生长所必需的元素之一,但只有5%-25%的磷肥被作物吸收利用,其它都被土壤里的Ca2+、Fe3+、Al3+所固定成为植物不可利用的磷形态。因此,如何提高土壤中有效磷含量已成为当前农业微生物的研究热点。研究表明溶磷微生物不仅能够提高土壤中有效磷含量,并且还能够改善土壤环境。M. phosphatilytica 12-OD1T分离自中国黑龙江省海伦市一片长期施肥的土壤,研究发现该菌具有溶磷作用,这是第一次发现马赛菌属细菌具有溶磷能力[24]。M. phosphatilytica 12-OD1T等马赛菌改善土壤磷素及植物磷营养状况的研究有待进一步加强。

3.2 产酶研究

酶法降解甲壳素无污染、条件温和且产物单一,但由于甲壳素酶活力过低导致生产周期长,使得酶法降解成本颇高。Faramarzi等[47]在2009年发现菌株M. timonae U2能够产生甲壳素酶,这是马赛菌属中首次被发现能够产生甲壳素酶的菌株,进一步研究发现该菌株甲壳素酶的产量随培养基中碳源的改变而变化。2010年韩宝芹等[48]从海边土壤中分离筛选出一株甲壳素酶活力较高的马赛菌菌株HD002,其产甲壳素酶活力高于M. timonae U2,进而通过优化发酵条件,HD002菌株的发酵液酶活力可达到1.314 U/mL,为M. timonae 菌株发酵液酶活力的8.21倍。因此,新菌株HD002的获得对酶法降解甲壳素具有重要的研究意义。

低温酶在应用于工业生产时不需要额外耗能去提升反应体系温度,因而节约了成本,因此在纺织业、造纸业、食品加工业以及洗涤剂生产行业具有巨大潜力而受到格外关注。刘璐等[49]对分离自极地的136株细菌进行筛选获得一株能够产生甘露聚糖酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶等多糖水解酶的菌株,16S rRNA基因序列分析表明该菌与M. eurypsychrophila 具有98.32%的相似性,属于马赛菌属,该菌株能在20 ℃的环境下迅速生长,对其进行全基因组测序,序列分析表明M. eurypsychrophila 709含有2个α-淀粉酶基因、1个木聚糖酶基因和1个壳聚糖酶基因。

3.3 次生代谢产物

3.3.1 紫色杆菌素 紫色杆菌素是微生物产生的由2个色氨酸分子氧化缩合而成的一种代谢产物,属于吲哚衍生物,为非水溶性的蓝黑色色素。近年来,研究者发现紫色杆菌素具有广谱抗菌、抗肿瘤、抗疟疾、抗氧化和止泻等功效,在医药领域中具有良好的应用前景[50-55]

Agematu等[56]从土壤中分离到一株能够产生紫色杆菌素(Violacein)和脱氧紫色杆菌素(Deoxyviolacein)的马赛菌,这是首次发现马赛菌能够产生紫色杆菌素和脱氧紫色杆菌素的报道。Yoon等[57]从森林土壤中分离到一株Massilia sp. EP 155224也能够产生紫色杆菌素,在最优条件下紫色杆菌素产量高达280 mg/L。Massilia sp. NR 4-1是一株分离自韩国肉豆蔻树下表层土壤的新菌种,Myeong等[58]对其进行了全基因组序列的测定,发现其基因组内存在紫色杆菌素的代谢途径——vio ABCDE,该菌株基因组图的完成对进一步研究紫色杆菌素代谢途径奠定了基础。

3.3.2 聚羟基烷酸酯 聚羟基烷酸酯(Polyhydroxyalkanoates,PHA)是一类由生物合成的高分子聚合物,具有生物相容性和无毒性,可用来代替现有塑料材料,在医学领域具有重要的应用价值,比如制作手术缝合线、创口覆盖膜等医疗器械,以及用作克隆器官的支架材料等[59]。大规模开发PHA的关键障碍是其高昂的生产成本,因此降低PHA的生产成本是关键。2012年,Bassas-Galia等[37]从植物中分离到6株能够以甘油或葡萄糖为前体高效合成PHA的菌株,16S rRNA基因序列分析显示这6株菌均为马赛菌,其中Massilia sp. 4D6可利用生物柴油的副产物甘油合成PHA,产量高达46% (质量比),可以充分发挥副产物甘油的经济效益。

Han等[40]从一种含有淀粉的海藻-石莼中分离到一株菌Massilia sp. UMI-21,该菌能够利用淀粉、麦芽三糖或麦芽糖作为唯一碳源合成多羟基烃酸酯(PHA),利用10L发酵罐发酵该菌株,PHA产量高达45.5% (质量比),高于前人在三角瓶发酵中的产量。因很多海藻中都存在大量淀粉,是一种相对廉价的基质,因此该研究中所分离的菌株在未来PHA生产中具有极大的潜在价值。

4 马赛菌属前景展望

近年来,三代测序技术(单分子实时测序仪)发展迅速,在一定程度上促进了马赛菌基因组学的研究[60]。截至2018年9月,已提交至NCBI完成全基因组测序的马赛菌属菌株有7株(其中3株为有效描述种的典型菌株),基因组草图 39株(其中9株为有效描述种的典型菌株)。已完成的马赛菌基因组全图概况见表 2。从表 2可以看出,已经完成全基因组测序的7株马赛菌中:基因组大小在5.8-7.5 Mb之间,(G+C)mol%含量较高,大多数在63 mol%-66 mol%之间,编码蛋白的基因数目为4 880-6 320,编码蛋白的基因数目最多的为M. putida 6NM-7 T,最少的为M. oculi CCUG 43427AT。菌株M. putida 6NM-7TMassilia sp. WG5各含有2个质粒,M. violaceinigra B2T含有1个质粒。马赛菌基因组学研究逐渐引起人们的关注,但关于其分子生物学和遗传学方面的研究鲜见报道,进行全基因组测序并在整个基因组范围内比对,在功能基因组学水平进行深入研究,有助于发掘未知功能的独特基因,为进一步研究马赛菌的功能、应用及其作用机制提供新契机。

表 2 已完成全基因组测序的马赛菌属基本特征比较分析 Table 2 Comparative analysis of general features of completed genome sequencing Massilia sp.

自1998年La Scola等[9]建立Massilia 以来,在之后的8年多时间,一直没有新的成员被报道。随着近年来马赛菌属新成员不断被发现,关于其生理生化方面的研究逐渐展开,研究者从马赛菌中发现了新型高效的环糊精酶、β酰胺酶和耐盐的木聚糖酶等[61-63];此外,研究发现马赛菌还能降解百菌清、菲、苯和烟碱等[64-66],但是关于其降解机制还并不清楚。马赛菌属菌株在工农业生产、食品行业和污染环境修复等领域具有广阔的应用前景,但与其它属种和菌株相比,该类群发现的种和菌株仍非常有限,新菌株资源挖掘潜力巨大。不断挖掘发现新的马赛菌属种和新菌株、进一步开发其功能并研究其遗传代谢与分子调控机制是未来研究的重点。

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