微生物学通报  2015, Vol. 42 Issue (9): 1710-1716

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文章信息

周叶鸣, 邹晓, 瞿娇娇, 梁宗琦
ZHOU Ye-Ming, ZOU Xiao, QU Jiao-Jiao, LIANG Zong-Qi
中国虫草一新记录种
A new record of the genus Ophiocordyceps from China
微生物学通报, 2015, 42(9): 1710-1716
Microbiology China, 2015, 42(9): 1710-1716
10.13344/j.microbiol.china.150424

文章历史

收稿日期: 2015-05-28
接受日期: 2015-06-29
优先数字出版日期(www.cnki.net): 2015-07-14
中国虫草一新记录种
周叶鸣, 邹晓 , 瞿娇娇, 梁宗琦    
贵州大学 生命科学学院 真菌资源研究所 贵州 贵阳 550025
摘要: 【目的】对一个寄生鳞翅目幼虫的虫草标本Dxhir140901进行分类鉴定。【方法】采用形态学比较和基于ITS1-5.8S-ITS2rDNA的系统发育与进化网络分析进行鉴定。【结果】形态学观察:标本的分离菌株形态显示其为典型的被毛孢属真菌,具有两型产孢结构:A型产孢细胞柱状,(1.8−6.3) μm×1.8 μm;B型产孢细胞锥形,基部柱状,向上逐渐变细无明显颈部,基部宽3−3.8 μm,长21−63 μm,颈部宽1.8−2.0 μm,菌丝末端可直接形成产孢细胞;孢子橘瓣形或卵形,(8.1−10.8) μm×(2.7−5.4) μm,具粘液,黏液层厚1.8−2.7 μm。系统发育分析结果显示该菌株与巨针线形虫草Ophiocordyceps macroacicularis聚为一支,支持率为98%,进化网络分析也支持上述结果。【结论】通过与O. macroacicularis的形态比较和分子系统学分析结果,Dxhir140901及其分离株Gzuifr-hir140901为巨针线形虫草Ophiocordyceps macroacicularis S. Ban, T. Sakane & Nakagiri的无性阶段,该种为中国新记录种。
关键词: 线形虫草属    无性阶段    分类    蝠蛾幼虫    生物防治    
A new record of the genus Ophiocordyceps from China
ZHOU Ye-Ming, ZOU Xiao, QU Jiao-Jiao, LIANG Zong-Qi     
Institute of Fungal Resource, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
Abstract: [Objective] Identification specimen Dxhir140901 which parasitized on Lepidopterous larvae. [Methods] The comparison of morphological characteristics and the analysis of phylogenetic tree and the evolution network based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2rDNA) sequence were used for identification of this specimen. [Results] Morphological observation: morphological characteristics of the strains Gzuifr-hir140901 was similar to Hirsutella Pat. It has two types of phialides, A-phialides, column, (1.8−6.3) μm×1.8 μm. B-phialides, columnar base, awl-shape and tapers, width of base 3−3.8 μm, length 21−63 μm, width of neck 1.8−2.0 μm, Phialides formed directly from the end of mycelium. Conidia orange segments or oval, (8.1−10.8) μm×(2.7−5.4) μm, mucus thick 1.8−2.7 μm. From the results of the phylogenetic analysis we can find that the Gzuifr-hir140901 strains and Ophiocordyceps macroacicularis S. Ban, T. Sakane & Nakagiriin belong to the same clade with a 98% approval rating. Branching sequence analysis supports the same results. [Conclusion] The sample Dxhir140901 and strains Gzuifr-hir140901 was a anamorph of O. macroacicularis which is a new record from China.
Key words: Ophiocordyceps    Asexual stage    Taxonomy    Larva of a species of Hepialidae    Biocontrol    

被毛孢属HirsutellaPat.是以嗜虫被毛孢Hirsutellaentomophila Pat.作为模式种而建立。该属主要特征为:孢梗束一般柱状、丝状,单生或分枝,有或无;菌丝通常无色、淡色或深褐色;产孢细胞散生于菌丝体上或者侧生于孢梗束外围菌丝上,表面光滑或粗糙,颈部简单或再育成多个小颈,颈部一般直,部分种可呈螺旋状或波浪状;分生孢子单细胞,少数多细胞,一般为柠檬形、椭圆形、梭形、橘瓣形等,经常埋于无色或有色的黏液层中;少数种还可形成二次分生孢子[1]。迄今,Index Fungorum (http://www.indexfungorum.org)收录的被毛孢共有109个分类单元。被毛孢属有4个种与本文描述的新记录种接近,并具有两型产孢细胞且锥形产孢细胞长度大于40 μm,分别是H. stilbelliformis var. stilbelliformis H. C. Evans & Samson、H. stilbelliformis var. dolichoderi H. C. Evans & Samson[2]H. sporodochialis H. C. Evans & Samson[3]H. Zhangjiajiensis Z. Q. Liang[4]

被毛孢属的寄主范围很广,包括蜘蛛、螨类、昆虫等节肢动物和线虫,具有潜在的生物防治价值[5, 6, 7]。20世纪80年代早期发现H. rhossiliensis Minter & B. L. Brady对许多植物的寄生线虫如茎线虫、根结线虫等有较强的致死效果[8, 9]H. citriformis Speare对果园中的柑橘木虱有很好的防治效果[10]。被毛孢属的有性阶段为线形虫草属Ophiocordyceps(Petch) Sung et al[11],虫草是亚洲许多国家的传统药物,因此被毛孢属真菌中的活性物质也受到医药开发研究者的关注。研究表明一些被毛孢能产生各种对人类有价值的活性化合物,这些化合物具有抗肿瘤和抗疟疾的功效[12, 13]

目前,已报道的无性型是被毛孢的线形虫草,共有27个种[11]。巨针线形虫草Ophiocordyceps macroacicularis S. Ban, T. Sakane & Nakagiri是最近被报道的一个具有被毛孢无性型的线形虫草属新种[14]。其特征为:子座丛生,圆柱形,无分枝(97.2−166.1) mm×(1.3−2.4) mm;子囊壳垂直表生,卵形,淡褐色到棕色,(410−760) μm×(260−420) μm;子囊透明,圆柱形,长235−310 μm,子囊帽显著增厚,直径5.0−7.0 μm;子囊孢子针形的,具隔,透明,(200−300) μm×(2.3−3.0) μm。同时,文中明确指出巨针线形虫草的无性阶段是被毛孢并提供了图片,但没有对无性阶段进行详细描述,也没有与其它已发表被毛孢种类进行比较。本文从形态分类鉴定的角度对其无性阶段进行了鉴定和描述,讨论了该种与被毛孢属中其它相关种的区别,为该虫草的正确分类提供了无性阶段的鉴定证据。

1 材料与方法 1.1 材料 1.1.1 标本:标本采自贵州省贵阳市桐木岭(26°23'00.3"N,106°40'33.0"E),寄主为蝠蛾科幼虫。标本编号:Dxhir140901;采集人:周叶鸣、瞿娇娇;采集时间:2014年9月。菌株编号:Gzuifr-hir140901,现保存于贵州大学真菌资源研究所菌种保藏中心(GZAC)。

1.1.2 培养基与染色液:PDA培养基:马铃薯200 g切块,用水煮沸30 min,过滤取汁,加葡萄糖20 g,水补足1 000 mL,pH自然,1×105 Pa灭菌30 min,凝固前加入链霉素和青霉素,倒平板备用。棉蓝染色液:苯胺蓝0.025 g,乳酸10 g,石炭酸10 g,甘油20 g,蒸馏水10 mL。配制后用双层搽镜纸过滤后备用。

1.1.3 分子系统学分析所用序列:将菌株Gzuifr-hir140901测序得到的ITS1-5.8S-ITS2核酸序列经NCBI的BLAST程序进行比对,下载相似度大于93%的核酸序列以及被毛孢属和线形虫草属的部分真菌序列。表 1为本研究用于分子系统学分析的序列。

表 1 系统学分析所用ITS1-5.8S-ITS2序列及其GenBank登录号 Table 1 List of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences and GenBank numbers for phylogenetic analysis
种类 species Genbank登录号 GenBank accession No. 种类 species GenBank登录号 GenBank accession No.
Metacordyceps liangshanensis KJ021169 H. minnesotensis DQ078757
M. liangshanensis KJ021172 H. nodulosa EF194146
Cordyceps emeiensis AJ309347 H. proturicola AB378557
C. sinensis AY608925 H. rhossiliensis AY745253
C. sinensis AY608925 H. rostrata EF194150
Ophiocordyceps robertsii KC167174 H. satumaesis KJ913066
O. macroacicularis AB968400 H. sinensis AJ309355
O. sinensis EU570957 H. thompsonii EF194153
O. sinensis JQ013106 H. tunicata JN247824
O. stylophora JN943352 H. uncinata AY365468
H. aphidis EF194156 H. vermicola DQ345592
H. citriformis JF894156 H. versicolor DQ345594
H. guyana DQ345595 Beauveria bassiana AF322932
H. huangshanensis EF689043 B. bassiana DQ364698
H. liboensis FJ957892 Gzuifr-hir140901 KR005829
1.2 方法 1.2.1 菌株的分离、培养与形态鉴定:标本先用自来水将虫体表面冲洗干净,再用无菌水冲洗标本,接着用75%的乙醇表面消毒3−5 s。掰断标本虫体部分,用接种针挑取虫体断面的血体腔部位的组织块,接种到加有抗生素的PDA平板上,16 °C培养30 d。培养好的菌落,用透明胶带黏取菌落边缘的菌丝及产孢结构,95%乙醇固定后,用棉兰染色30 min以上,显微镜下观察描述并进行形态鉴定。

1.2.2 nrDNA的扩增和测序:从PDA平板上挑取菌丝体,根据Tigano-Milani等的方法提取总DNA[15]。提取的DNA置于−20 °C保存,选用通用引物ITS5 (5′-GGTGAGAGATTTCTGTG-3′)和ITS4 (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′)扩增ITS区的nrDNA。反应体系(25 μL):ddH2O 8.5 μL,模板(10−100 mg/L) 2 μL,引物ITS4和ITS5 (0.4 μmol/L)均为1 μL,master mix为12.5 μL。PCR反应条件:94 °C 5 min;94 °C 40 s,49 °C 40 s,72 °C 60 s,35个循环;72 °C 10 min。PCR产物送上海Invitrogen公司测序。

1.2.3 分子系统学与拆分网络分析:用MEGA 5.2对序列进行对齐剪切后构建系统发育树,运行条件为邻接法(Neighbor-Joining),运算次数(Replications) 1 000次[16]。采用Splits Tree 4构建折分网络图,所用序列保存为Fasta格式,运行条件为P-distance,Unrooted Neighor Net。用与被毛孢属亲缘关系较近的球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana (Bals. -Criv.) Vuill.作为外群。

2 结果 2.1 形态鉴定与描述

巨针线形虫草的无性阶段 图 1

图 1  巨针线形虫草无性阶段产孢结构和菌落特征(Gzuifr-hir140901) Figure 1  Conidiogenous structures and colonies of the anamorph of Ophiocordyceps macroacicularis (Gzuifr- hir140901) 注:A:标本(Dxhir140901);B−E:在PDA上培养30 d后形成的菌落;F,H:产孢结构;G:分生孢子.标尺:B−E:10 mm;F−H:10 μm.Note:A:The specimen (Dxhir140901);B−E:Clonies on PDA media for 30 days;F,H:The phialides structure on hyphae;G:Conidia.B−E:Bar=10 mm;F−H:Bar=10 μm.

The anamorph of Ophiocordyceps macroacicularis Ban, T. Sakane & Nakagiri Figure 1

The fungus hardly grow above 30 °C while growing slowly under 16 °C on the PDA agar, and colonies diam up to 25−30 mm after 30 d. The colonies margin be white and the middle light-brown part with cashmere. Mycelium is hyaline, smooth, septate, wide 3.6−4.5 μm. Two bottles of terrier type were formed, A-phialides, column, (1.8−6.3) μm×1.8 μm. B-phialides, columnar base, awl-shap and tapers, width of base 3−3.8 μm, length 21−63 μm, width of neck 1.8−2.0 μm; Phialides formed directly from the mycelium end, occasional polyphialidic. Conidia orange segments or oval, (8.1−10.8) μm×(2.7−5.4) μm, enveloped in a hyaline mucus, thickness 1.8−2.7 μm.

Teleomorph: Ophiocordyceps macroacicularis Ban, T. Sakane & Nakagiri.

Host: Larva of a species of Hepialidae, Lepidoptera.

Specimen examined: Dxhir140901, 2014, Y. M. Zhou & J. J. Qu collected from the Tongmuling of Guiyang city, Guizhou province and Gzuifr-hir140901, strains were isolated by Y. M. Zhou conserved in the Insititute of fungal resource, Guizhou University.

菌落:在PDA上,30 °C以上不生长,16 °C培养30 d菌落直径25−30 mm。毡状,边缘白色,中间灰褐色有凸起,凸起处有绒毛,背面浅褐色;菌丝:透明、光滑、具隔,宽3.6−4.5 μm;产孢细胞:与菌丝无明显区分;形成两种类型产孢细胞,A型:柱状,(1.8−6.3) μm×1.8 μm。B型:锥形,基部柱状宽3−3.8 μm,向上逐渐变细,长21−63 μm,颈部宽1.8−2.0 μm。菌丝末端可形成产孢细胞,有再育现象;分生孢子:橘瓣状或卵型,(8.1−10.8) μm×(2.7−5.4) μm,孢子外具粘液,厚度为1.8−2.7 μm。

有性阶段:Ophiocordyceps macroacicularis S. Ban,T. Sakane & Nakagiri。

寄主:鳞翅目,蝠蛾科幼虫。

标本:标本Dxhir140901及其分离株Gzuifr- hir140901均保存于贵州大学真菌资源研究所菌种保藏中心(GZAC)。

2.2 分子系统学与拆分网络分析结果

系统发育分析(图 2)发现,菌株Gzuifr- hir140901与Ophiocordyceps macroacicularis聚在同一分支,支持率为98%,且与其他的被毛孢相比又独立分支。用Splits Tree 4构建的拆分网络图(图 3)展示了与系统发育树相似的结果。在网络中连接Gzuifr-hir140901的拆分图像,表明了它与Ophiocordyceps macroacicularis基本相同且与相关群存在明显差别。折分网络分析支持了系统发育树(图 2)展示的结果。系统发育树(图 2) A分支中的线形虫草的无性型皆为被毛孢,且基本都寄生于鳞翅目幼虫,寄生线虫的H. minnesotensis Minter & B. L. Brady和分离自植物的H. uncinata Seifert & H. Boulay未见有关它们有性阶段的报道;B分支的被毛孢属种类具有一个共同的形态学特征,它们的产孢细胞颈部具有螺旋。

图 2  菌株Gzuifr-hir140901及其相关种类基于ITS1-5.8S-ITS2的系统发育树 Figure 2  Phylogenetic tree based on rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences of Gzuifr-hir140901 related species
图 3  基于图2中A分支序列构建的无根Nieghor-Net网络图 Figure 3  Reconstructure of the Nieghor-Net network from taxa of A in Figure 2
3 结论与讨论

Evans & Samson (1982, 1984)报道了一些具有两型产孢细胞的种,A型在菌丝的侧面生长,菌丝与产孢细胞之间有一个压实的层;B型(锥形)多长在菌丝的末端[2, 3]。拥有锥形产孢细胞且长度最大的、大于40 μm的被毛孢(表 2)有Hirsutella aphidis petch[13]H. besseyi E. E. Fisher[17]H. darwinii Evans & Samson[2]H. guignardii (Maheu) Samson et al[3]H. sinensis Liu et al[18]H. stilbelliformis var. dolichoderi H. C. Evans & Samson, H. stilbelliformis var. stilbelliformis H. C. Evans & Samson[2]H. sporodochialis H. C. Evans & Samson[3]H. zhangjiajiensis Z. Q. Liang[4]H. danubiensis Bałazy et al, H. vandergeestii Bałazy et al[19]。同时具有两型瓶梗的种为H. stilbelliformis var. stilbelliformis H. C. Evans & Samson,H. stilbelliformis var. dolichoderi H. C. Evans & Samson,H. sporodochialis H. C. Evans & Samson,H. zhangjiajiensis Z. Q. Liang。H. stilbelliformis var. stilbelliformisH. stilbelliformis var. dolichoderi 寄生膜翅目,H. zhangjiajiensis寄生蛹。目前都没有关于短小柱状瓶梗的报道。

表 2 Gzuifr-hir140901与近似种的形态特征比较 Table 2 A morphological comparison of Gzuifr-hir140901 with related species
种类 species 产孢细胞 conidiogenous cell 孢子 Conidia (μm) 参考文献 References
形状 Shape 最大长度 Maxlength (μm) 类型 Type
Hirsutella aphidis petch 锥形 >40 B 船形9×(1.5-2.5) [13]
H. besseyi Fisher 锥形或圆柱形 >40 B 椭圆形或柠檬形 (4.1-8.3)×(2.5-5.8) [17]
H. danubiensis Balazy et al 锥形 >60 B 橘瓣状(4.5-6.6)×(1.9-2.7) [19]
H. darwinii H. C. Evans & Samson 锥形 >40 B 梭形(4.5-11.5)×(1.5-2) [3]
H. guignardii (Maheu) Samson et al 锥形 >40 B 椭圆形或梭形 (7-13)×(4-6) [2]
H. sinensis Liu et al 锥形 >40 B 肾脏形或椭圆形 (5.4-1.4)×(3.2-5.4) [18]
H. sporodochialis H. C. Evans & Samson 基部膨大;瓶形或锥形 >80 A&B 梭形(10-27)×(3.5-4) [2]
H. stilbelliformis var. stilbelliformis H. C. Evans& Samson 基部膨大;椭圆形有刺或锥形 >10 >100 A&B 棍棒状(7-9)×(1.5-2.5) 卵形的(8-12)×(4-5) [3]
H. stilbelliformis var. dolichoderi H. C. Evans & Samson 基部膨大;椭圆形有刺或锥形 >40 >100 A&B 圆柱形到卵形 (6.5-9.5)×(3.5-4.5) [3]
H. vandergeestii Balazy et al 近似锥形, 底部较厚 >40 B 橘瓣状(4-) (4.2-5.5)×(2.1-2.5)(-3.0) [19]
H. zhangjiajiensis Z. Q. Liang 锥形或基部膨大;椭圆形 >40 A&B 梭形或橘瓣状 (4.5-10)×(1.5-2.5) [4]
Ophiocordyceps macroacicularis S. Ban, T. Sakane & Nakagiri 近似锥形或 基部膨大 >40 - 卵形到柠檬形 平均(8.1×4.9) (通过图片比例尺测量) [14]
Gzuifr-hir140901 锥形;柱状 >40 A&B 橘瓣状或卵形 (8.1-10.8)×(2.7-5.4) 本文

系统发育树被广泛应用在分析、解释各级分类阶元的系统学关系,但其不能展示物种在进化过程中,杂交重组、基因水平转移和基因重复缺失等进化事件。进化网络分析可以较好地解决这个问题[20],它能提供一个传统进化树不能展示的、被平行事件掩盖的系统发育关系图像[21, 22, 23]。根据分子系统学(图 2)和系统进化(图 3)分析结果,菌株Gzuifr-hir14090可能为巨针线形虫草O.macroacicularis的无性阶段得到了很好的支持。经过与巨针线形虫草文献[14]中的无性阶段形态比较(表 2),二者基本相同。

综上所述,标本Dxhir140901及其分离菌株Gzuifr-hir140901确定为巨针线形虫草O. macroacicularis S. Ban, T. Sakane & Nakagiri的无性阶段,为中国的新记录种。

参考文献
[1] Liang ZQ. Studies on classification of the genus Hirsutella Pat. Ⅰ. Advances and the characteristics of taxonomy[J]. Journal of Guizhou Agriculture College, 1990, 9(1): 58-68 (in Chinese) 梁宗琦. 被毛孢属(Hirsutella Pet.)的分类研究Ⅰ. 进展及分 类特征[J]. 贵州农学院学报, 1990, 9(1): 58-68
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