微生物学报  2019, Vol. 59 Issue (11): 2229-2239   DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20190032.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20190032
中国科学院微生物研究所,中国微生物学会,中国菌物学会
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文章信息

温继龙, 彭琦, 赵欣, 张杰, 宋福平. 2019
Jilong Wen, Qi Peng, Xin Zhao, Jie Zhang, Fuping Song. 2019
苏云金芽胞杆菌BkdR和CcpA对bkd基因簇的转录调控
bkd gene cluster is regulated by BkdR and CcpA in Bacillus thuringiensis
微生物学报, 59(11): 2229-2239
Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 59(11): 2229-2239

文章历史

收稿日期:2019-01-23
修回日期:2019-03-11
网络出版日期:2019-03-18
苏云金芽胞杆菌BkdR和CcpA对bkd基因簇的转录调控
温继龙1,2 , 彭琦2 , 赵欣1,2 , 张杰2 , 宋福平1,2     
1. 东北农业大学生命科学学院, 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150030;
2. 中国农业科学院植物保护研究所, 植物病虫害生物学国家重点实验室, 北京 100193
摘要[目的] 通过分析苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)转录调控因子BkdR和多效调控因子CcpA对亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸代谢基因簇bkd的转录调控,明确bkd基因簇的转录调控机制。[方法] 通过β-半乳糖苷酶活性测定分析bkd基因簇启动子的诱导转录活性,采用同源重组技术敲除Bt HD73菌株的ccpA基因,通过融合His标签的方法在大肠杆菌中表达纯化BkdR和CcpA蛋白,通过凝胶阻滞实验明确BkdR和CcpA蛋白与bkd基因簇启动子的结合作用。[结果] 亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸可诱导bkd基因簇启动子Pptb的转录活性。Pptb的诱导活性在bkdR突变体中明显降低,而在ccpA突变体中明显上升。BkdR和CcpA蛋白与Pptb均有结合作用。[结论] bkd基因簇的转录活性受BkdR正调控,而受CcpA负调控。
关键词苏云金芽胞杆菌    BkdR    CcpA    转录调控    
bkd gene cluster is regulated by BkdR and CcpA in Bacillus thuringiensis
Jilong Wen1,2 , Qi Peng2 , Xin Zhao1,2 , Jie Zhang2 , Fuping Song1,2     
1. College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang Province, China;
2. State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
Abstract: [Objective] We analyzed the transcriptional regulation of bkd gene cluster by BkdR and CcpA in Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which is involved in leucine, isoleucine and valine metabolism. To determine the mechanism of transcriptional regulation of bkd gene cluster. [Methods] Induced transcriptional activity of bkd promoter (Pptb) was analyzed by promoter fusions with lacZ gene. ccpA insertion mutant was constructed by homologous recombination. Purification of BkdR and CcpA was using HiTrap chelating column. The binding of bkd promoter with CcpA protein was verified by electrophoresis mobility shift assays. [Results] Transcriptional activity of Pptb was induced by leucine, isoleucine, and valine. The induced transcriptional activity of Pptb was sharply decreased in bkdR mutant, but increased in ccpA mutant. Pptb could bind to the BkdR and CcpA protein, respectively. [Conclusion] The induced transcription of bkd gene cluster is positively regulated by BkdR and negatively regulated by CcpA.
Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis    BkdR    CcpA    transcriptional regulation    

在低GC含量的革兰氏阳性细菌中,含有一种分解代谢物控制蛋白A (catabolite control protein A,CcpA),属于LacI-GalR家族的转录因子[1]。CcpA作为一个多效调控因子,通过与启动子上的保守cre (catabolite repression element)序列结合[2],在细菌中调控许多重要的生理功能,如在变异链球菌(Streptococcus mutans)中,Cid/Lrg操纵子系统与细胞自溶、生物膜形成、葡萄糖基转移酶表达和氧化应激反应相关,CcpA通过与cidlrg启动子的结合从而调控该菌株的这些生理功能[3-4];枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis,Bs)中,GntR调控gntRKPZ操纵子,CcpA通过分别与gnt的启动子和gntR的启动子结合从而调控葡萄糖酸盐的代谢过程[5]

Sigma因子是RNA聚合酶核心酶的亚基,在细菌的转录起始调控过程中具有重要的作用。Sigma因子按照功能可分为Sigma70和Sigma54两种,区别在于Sigma70识别启动子的–10和–35区,而Sigma54识别启动子的–12和–24区,并需要与特定的增强子结合蛋白(enhancer binding proteins,简称EBPs)共同作用,才能激活起始转录[6]。EBPs具有3个典型的结构域:N端的信号结构域(R domain),负责感应外界信号;中间的AAA+结构域(C domain),负责与Sigma54因子相互作用;C端的HTH结构域(D domain),通过与启动子上特定序列结合,从而起到调控作用[6]。许多细菌中含有多种EBPs,例如在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)中有13种EBPs,大多数与碳氮源代谢相关[6-7];恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)中有22种EBPs,参与的代谢途径很广泛,包括鞭毛合成、不同种碳氮源利用和藻朊酸盐生物合成等[8];枯草芽胞杆菌中有5种EBPs,调控精氨酸、支链氨基酸等碳氮源代谢[9-12]。这些转录因子在许多生理代谢途径中具有重要作用,如NtrC调控氮源代谢[13]、XylR调控芳香烃代谢[14]、PspF调控内膜压力[15]等。

苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thurigiensis,Bt)是革兰氏阳性细菌,其在芽胞形成的同时能够产生杀虫晶体蛋白(insecticidal crystal proteins,ICPs),对多种鳞翅目和鞘翅目等昆虫都有特异性的毒杀活性,是应用最为广泛的微生物杀虫剂[16-17]。本实验室前期研究发现,在Bt HD73菌株中有8种EBPs[18],调控多种代谢途径,包括γ-氨基丁酸代谢[19-20]、赖氨酸代谢[21]、肌氨酸代谢[22]等,其中BkdR调控bkd基因簇的转录,可能与支链氨基酸(亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和缬氨酸)的代谢相关[18]

细菌中,支链氨基酸降解代谢形成的产物参与细胞重要的生理功能,例如支链氨基酸可降解成支链脂肪酸,在链霉菌(Streptomyces avermitilis)中[23],是聚酮化合物抗生素生产的一些前体的唯一来源;在Bs中,支链脂肪酸参与芽胞形成过程中细胞膜的形成[10, 24];在粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)中,参与ATP和能量代谢[25];在黄色粘球菌(Myxococcus xanthus)中参与细胞发育过程中的信号传导[26]。Bs中,从支链氨基酸降解成支链脂肪酸的代谢途径由bkd基因簇编码的酶系统催化,bkd基因簇的转录受Sigma54因子控制,并受转录因子BkdR和全局调控因子CodY的调控[10]。本实验室前期研究发现,Bt中bkd基因簇的基因组织和转录调控模式与Bs相似,bkd基因簇由8个基因组成,其中ptb-bkdB 7个基因形成一个转录单元,bkdR单独形成一个转录单元。bkd基因簇启动子Pptb的转录活性受Sigma54控制,并受BkdR正调控。Bt中bkdR基因的缺失对菌体生长、芽胞形成率和Cry1Ac蛋白产量无影响,但使菌体运动能力减弱[27]。本研究在此基础上,对bkd基因簇启动子Pptb的诱导转录活性的调控机制进行深入分析。

1 材料和方法 1.1 材料

1.1.1 菌株、质粒和细菌培养条件: 所用菌株和质粒见表 1。大肠杆菌(Escherichia coliE. coli)的培养使用LB培养基,培养条件37 ℃、220 r/min;Bt的培养分别使用LB培养基、SSM培养基[28]和M9培养基(购自Sigma公司,货号:M6030),培养条件30 ℃、220 r/min。抗生素使用终浓度分别为:氨苄青霉素100 μg/mL,红霉素5 μg/mL,卡那霉素100 μg/mL。

表 1. 菌株与质粒 Table 1. Strains and plasmids
Strains and plasmids Characterization Resource
Strains
HD73 B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki carrying the cry1Ac gene This lab
HD(ΔbkdR) B. thuringiensis HD73 bkdR gene insertion mutant; KanR [27]
HD(ΔccpA) B. thuringiensis HD73 ccpA gene insertion mutant; KanR This study
HD(Pptb) HD73 strain containing plasmid pHTPptb [27]
ΔbkdR(Pptb) HD(ΔbkdR) strain containing plasmid pHTPptb [27]
ΔccpA(Pptb) HD(ΔccpA) strain containing plasmid pHTPptb This study
E. coli TG1 D(lac-proAB) supE thi hsd-5 (F' traD36 proA+ proB+ lacIq lacZDM15), general purpose cloning host This lab
E. coli ET F dam-13::Tn9 dcm-6 hsdM hsdR recF143 zjj-202::Tn10 galK2 galT22 ara14 pacY1 xyl-5 leuB6 thi-1, for generation of unmethylated DNA This lab
BL21(DE3) E. coli B, F, dcm, ompT hsdS(rB-mB-), gal, λ(DE3) This lab
BL21(pETccpA) BL21(DE3) strain containing plasmid pETccpA [29]
BL21(pETbkdR) BL21(DE3) strain containing plasmid pETbkdR This study
BLpET BL21 strain carrying pET21b This lab
Plasmids
pMAD AmpR, EmR shuttle vector, thermosensitive origin of replication Institute Pasteur
pMADDbkdR pMAD with bkdR insertion fragment This study
pET21b Expressional vector, Ampr, 5.4 kb This lab
pETccpA pET21b containing ccpA gene, Ampr [29]
pETbkdR pET21b containing bkdR gene, Ampr This study
pHTPptb pHT304-18Z carrying promoter upstream from ptb [27]

1.1.2 主要仪器和材料: 限制性内切酶、DNA聚合酶和DNA连接酶均购自宝生物工程(大连)有限公司和北京博迈德科技发展有限公司;质粒提取、DNA回收和PCR产物纯化试剂盒购自Axygen公司。镍亲和层析柱填料购自GE公司。poly(dI:dC)购自Sigma公司。Gel Shift Assay Systems购自Promega公司。

1.1.3 引物合成及序列测定: 根据Bt HD73基因组序列[30]设计引物,引物合成由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司北京合成部完成,序列测定由北京诺赛基因基因组研究中心有限公司完成,引物名称及序列见表 2

表 2. 引物序列 Table 2. Primers used in this study
Primer name Sequence (5 →3 )
ccpA-A1 CGGGATCCTCTGATGCAGCGCAACAAATG
ccpA-A2 CTCAAATGGTTCGCTGTGAAACGTTCGCTTC
Kan-1 GAAGCGAACGTTTCACAGCGAACCATTTGAG
Kan-2 ACGGTGAGGTAAGATAAATTCCTCGTAGGC
ccpA-B1 GCCTACGAGGAATTTATCTTACCTCACCGT
ccpA-B2 CCGGAATTCGTACCATAATGCTACCTGCA
bkdR-F CGGGATCCGATGAAACAAAAAGTATTAATTG
bkdR-R ACGCGTCGACTTGCATGCTATTTTTTGCATG
Pptb-1 GTGACAGAGTTTGAAGGG
Pptb-2 ATTTTGTAATCAACCCTTTC

1.2 ccpA突变菌株构建及筛选

为了研究CcpA对bkd基因簇的转录调控,利用同源重组的原理,构建了ccpA突变体,方法见参考文献[31]。简述如下:以Bt HD73基因组为模板,用引物ccpA-A1/ccpA-A2扩增ccpA基因上游片段(ccpA-A),大小为618 bp;用引物ccpA-B1/ccpA-B2扩增ccpA基因下游片段(ccpA-B),大小为646 bp。以△bkdR突变体[27]为模板,用引物Kan-1/Kan-2扩增卡那抗性基因(kan),大小为1503 bp。以ccpA-A、ccpA-B和kan为模板,用引物ccpA-A1/ccpA-B2通过重叠PCR扩增ccpA缺失突变盒(含有卡那霉素抗性基因)。PCR产物经限制性内切酶Bam HI和EcoR I双酶切后,连接到温敏穿梭载体pMAD,转化至大肠杆菌TG1菌株中,获得重组质粒命名为pMADΔccpA。将重组质粒转入ET去甲基化,再电击转入HD73菌株,转化方法见文献[32],获得具有红霉素抗性的HD (pMADΔccpA)菌株。该菌株进行38 ℃高温突变,筛选出有卡那霉素抗性并且没有红霉素抗性的菌株,进行PCR鉴定:以ccpA-A1/ccpA-B2为引物,以具有卡那霉素抗性并且无红霉素抗性的菌株为模板,获得的突变菌株命名为HD(ΔccpA)。

1.3 BkdR表达菌株构建

根据GenBank中Bt HD73菌株(GenBank登录号:CP004069)的bkdR(HD73_4469)基因序列及pET21b质粒的酶切位点,设计扩增bkdR基因ORF的引物bkdR-F和bkdR-R (表 2),以HD73基因组为模板扩增bkdR基因(2040 bp),PCR产物纯化后经Bam HI和Sal I双酶切,连接含有His标签的pET21b质粒Bam HI和Sal I双酶切片段上,转化E. coli TG1菌株,获得重组质粒pETbkdR。重组质粒经PCR、酶切和测序鉴定,转化至E. coli BL21(DE3)菌株,获得表达菌株BL21(pETbkdR)。

1.4 蛋白表达纯化与凝胶迁移实验

BkdR蛋白和CcpA蛋白的表达与纯化见文献[29]。以Bt HD73为模板,用带有FAM (羧基荧光素)标记的引物(表 2)扩增Pptb片段(345 bp)。凝胶阻滞实验(EMSA,Electrophoresis mobility shift assays)确定Pptb片段与BkdR蛋白和CcpA蛋白的结合,方法见文献[29]。

1.5 β-半乳糖苷酶活性测定

Bt菌株过夜活化,1%转接至50 mL LB培养基,30 ℃、220 r/min振荡培养至对数生长期(OD600=2.0),取1 mL菌液加入到100 mL M9培养基(含有终浓度为17 mmol/L的葡萄糖),30 ℃、220 r/min振荡培养至OD600=0.1 (约3 h),分别加入终浓度为3 mmol/L的氨基酸(亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸),继续培养2 h后开始取样(记为A2),每2 h取样1次,共取9个点,每次取样10 mL,离心收集菌体,保留沉淀,β-半乳糖苷酶活性测定见参考文献[22],每组数据至少独立重复3次。

2 结果和分析 2.1 bkd基因簇的诱导转录活性分析

为了研究bkd基因簇的诱导转录活性,构建了bkd基因簇的启动子Pptb融合lacZ基因的表达载体pHTPptb,分别电击转入Bt HD73菌株和bkdR突变体,获得菌株HD(Pptb)和ΔbkdR(Pptb)。β-半乳糖苷酶活性测定表明,在分别含有3 mmol/L亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和缬氨酸的M9培养基中,Pptb启动子在Bt HD73出发菌株中的转录活性明显高于不含氨基酸的M9培养基[图 1-A,HD(Pptb)],说明在基础培养基中,亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和缬氨酸可诱导Pptb的转录活性。而在含有3 mmol/L亮氨酸、异亮氨酸或缬氨酸的M9培养基中,Pptb启动子在bkdR突变体中的转录活性均显著下降[图 1-B,ΔbkdR(Pptb)],说明Pptb的诱导转录活性受BkdR的正调控。

图 1 Pptb的转录活性分析 Figure 1 Analysis of transcription of Pptb. A: Transcription of Pptb induced with different amino acid; B: comparison of transcription of HD(Pptb) and ΔbkdR(Pptb) induced with different amino acid at A4 point. The OD600 reached 1.0 (mid-exponential phase), that defined as A0, and An is n hours after A0. A4 is 4 hours after A0

2.2 BkdR对bkd基因簇的转录调控作用

为了进一步明确BkdR对bkd基因簇的转录调控作用,构建Bt HD73菌株的BkdR表达纯化载体,PCR扩增bkdR基因全长并与含有His标签的pET21b载体连接,转化E. coli TG1菌株,获得重组质粒pETbkdR,经PCR鉴定得到2040 bp的条带(图 2-A),经Bam HI和Sal I双酶切鉴定得到5.4 kb大小的载体条带和2040 bp左右大小的目的片段条带(图 2-A),经测序分析和序列比对表明重组质粒pETbkdR构建正确。重组质粒转化至E. coli BL21菌株,获得BL21(pETbkdR)表达菌株,经IPTG诱导表达,超声破碎细胞,离心收集可溶性组分,对BkdR-His融合蛋白进行Ni2+螯合琼脂糖亲和纯化,SDS-PAGE结果表明所得蛋白纯度较高,分子量大小约为77 kDa (图 2-B)。

图 2 BkdR表达载体构建及纯化 Figure 2 Construction and purification of BkdR. A: Identification of pETbkdR plasmid; M: DNA marker. B: purification of BkdR-His fusion protein; M: protein marker

利用FAM标记的引物Pptb-1和Pptb-2扩增bkd基因簇的启动子片段(Pptb,345 bp),与纯化的BkdR-His蛋白进行体外结合实验,结果表明(图 3),凝胶底部的条带为20 ng带标记的自由DNA,上层为DNA与蛋白结合的条带,随着BkdR蛋白浓度的增加,底部未结合的DNA条带浓度越来越低,上层与蛋白结合的条带浓度逐渐升高,说明Pptb与BkdR蛋白有结合作用;而加入500倍浓度非标记的DNA可以与标记的DNA产生竞争作用(图 3,lane 7);阴性对照为20 ng cwlC基因[33] (cwlC基因编码母细胞水解酶,其转录受SigmaK因子控制)的启动子与0.37 μg BkdR蛋白无结合作用(图 3,条带8)。以上结果说明Pptb与BkdR蛋白具有特异性的结合作用,这些结果表明Pptb的转录受BkdR的直接调控。

图 3 BkdR与Pptb的结合 Figure 3 Binding of BkdR and Pptb. Lane 1: FAM-labeled DNA probe; lanes 2–6: incubation of the probe with increasing concentrations of purified BkdR indicated at the top of the figure; lane 7: incubation of labeled DNA and 500-fold unlabeled DNA with 0.37 μg BkdR; lane 8: negative control: incubation of 20 ng cwlC promoter with 0.37 μg BkdR

2.3 CcpA对bkd基因簇的转录调控作用

前期研究表明,Pptb序列中包含一段序列(TTGAATGCGTTTTCA)与受CcpA调控的一致序列(WTGNAANCGNWNNCW)相似,为了明确CcpA是否对Pptb的转录有调控作用,构建了ccpA突变体,并将Pptb融合lacZ基因的表达载体pHTPptb电击转入ccpA突变体中,获得菌株ΔccpA(Pptb)。β-半乳糖苷酶活性测定表明,在SSM培养基中(图 4-A),HD(Pptb)菌株与ΔccpA(Pptb)菌株的转录活性无明显差异;而在含有葡萄糖(17 mmol/L)和3 mmol/L氨基酸的M9培养基中(图 4-B,C,D),ΔccpA(Pptb)菌株的转录活性显著高于HD(Pptb)菌株的活性,这些结果说明,在葡萄糖培养基中,Pptb的诱导转录活性受CcpA的负调控,而在普通培养基中,Pptb的基础转录活性不受CcpA的调控。

图 4 HD(Pptb)菌株与ΔccpA(Pptb)菌株的转录活性比较 Figure 4 Comparison of transcription of HD(Pptb) and ΔbkdR(Pptb). A: SMM; B: M9 with glucose and 3 mmol/L leucine; C: M9 with glucose and 3 mmol/L isoleucine; D: M9 with glucose and 3 mmol/L valcine. The OD600 reached 1.0 (mid-exponential phase), that defined as A0, and An is n hours after A0

为了进一步明确CcpA对Pptb是否存在直接调控作用,应用前期构建的CcpA表达菌株BL21(pETccpA)[29],经IPTG诱导表达和Ni2+螯合琼脂糖亲和纯化,获得CcpA-His融合蛋白。利用FAM标记的引物Pptb-1和Pptb-2扩增得到的bkd基因簇的启动子片段(Pptb,345 bp),与纯化的CcpA-His蛋白进行体外结合实验,结果表明(图 5),底部带标记的20 ng自由DNA条带浓度越来越低,上层DNA与蛋白结合的条带浓度逐渐升高,说明Pptb与CcpA蛋白有结合作用,而加入500倍浓度非标记的DNA可以与标记的DNA产生竞争结合作用(图 5,lane 7),说明Pptb与CcpA蛋白具有特异性的结合作用,这些结果表明Pptb的转录受CcpA的直接调控。

图 5 CcpA与Pptb的结合 Figure 5 Binding of CcpA and Pptb. Lane 1: FAM-labeled DNA probe; lanes 2–6: incubation of the probe with increasing concentrations of purified CcpA indicated at the top of the figure; lane 7: incubation of labeled DNA and 500-fold unlabeled DNA with 0.26 μg CcpA

3 讨论

本实验室前期研究发现,Bt HD73菌株中bkd基因簇的启动子Pptb的转录受Sigma54因子的控制,并受BkdR的正调控[27],本研究进一步发现,Pptb的转录受亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和缬氨酸的诱导,该诱导活性受BkdR直接调控,这种调控模式与Bs中的bkd基因簇的转录相似[10]。本研究通过EMSA实验,进一步明确了纯化的BkdR蛋白和CcpA蛋白与Pptb启动子均存在结合作用,为bkd基因簇的转录调控机制提供了新的证据。BkdR蛋白是增强子结合蛋白,具有3个典型的结构域(图 6-A):N端的PAS信号结构域,可能与识别亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和缬氨酸信号有关;中间的AAA+结构域,具有保守氨基序列GAFTGA,可能与Sigma54因子进行相互作用;C端的HTH结构域,可能识别Pptb启动子上的回文序列(图 6-B)并与之相结合。Pptb启动子序列中存在一个典型的受Sigma54控制的保守–12/–24序列(图 6-B),Sigma54可能通过与该序列结合从而起始转录。Pptb启动子序列还存在一个CcpA识别的保守序列,CcpA可能通过与该序列结合从而起到调控功能。

图 6 BkdR氨基酸结构域分析(A)和Pptb启动子序列分析(B) Figure 6 Sequence analysis. A: Analysis of BkdR domain; B: Analysis of Pptb sequence

本研究通过EMSA实验和β-半乳糖苷酶活性分析实验表明,在葡萄糖培养基中,bkd基因簇的诱导活性受CcpA的直接负调控,而在Bs中,没有相关报道显示bkd基因簇的转录与CcpA相关,通过在DBTBS数据库(http://dbtbs.hgc.jp/)中检索Bs 168菌株基因组中ptb基因上游启动子序列的转录调控因子结合位点,也没有发现与CcpA结合的cre位点。但是Bs中与支链氨基酸生物合成相关的ilv-leu操纵子受CcpA的调控。ilv-leu操纵子编码酶系统参与催化从丙酮酸到支链氨基酸的生物合成,将碳代谢与氨基酸合成偶联起来[34-35]。在Bt中,CcpA可能调控了支链氨基酸的合成及降解代谢过程。

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