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硫化镉纳米粒子(cadmium sulfide nanoparticles,CdS NPs)是一种重要的半导体,具有突出的光电特性、可调带隙和化学稳定性,在分析化学、生物医学、荧光成像和生物传感器等方面具有潜在应用价值。生物合成CdS NPs具有可控、低成本、环境友好等优势而被广泛研究。然而CdS NPs本身兼具纳米材料毒性及重金属硫化物毒性,其对原核微生物的毒性研究受到广泛关注。本文以大肠杆菌为例,对CdS NPs在原核生物细胞内的毒性机理研究进展进行了综述,包括CdS NPs的生物合成机制、CdS NPs对大肠杆菌的毒害作用以及大肠杆菌对该毒害作用的防御机制,着重论述了细菌在合成CdS NPs过程中Cd2+及CdS对合成细菌本身的毒理作用及该细菌所产生的相应应激机制。本文旨在更好、更全面地评估CdS NPs的毒性,促进抗CdS NPs的原核生物在相关领域的发展和应用。
As an important semiconductor, cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CdS NPs) have outstanding photoelectric properties, adjustable band gap and chemical stability, and have a great application potential in related fields, such as: analytical chemistry, biomedicine, fluorescence imaging and biosensor. The biosynthesis of CdS NPs has been widely studied due to its controllable, low-cost and environmental friendly advantages. However, as a kind of nano-scaled metal sulfide materials, CdS NPs have severe toxic effects on prokaryotic microorganisms. This review summarized the research progress of the toxic mechanism of CdS NPs in prokaryotic cells, including the biosynthetic process of CdS NPs; the toxic effects of CdS NPs on
近年来,不断有研究报道可采用生物合成法在原核微生物细胞中合成不同类型的硫族化合物纳米晶体,在生物合成过程中实现了对纳米材料性状和结晶度的控制[
细菌合成CdS NPs的机理[
The mechanism of bacterial synthesis of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles[
目前已有报道表明,CdS NPs对枯草芽孢杆菌[
氧化应激是指ROS的产生阻碍了抗氧化防御途径,降低了细胞维持其氧化还原平衡的能力。CdS NPs毒性机制中的一个关键因素是诱导细胞产生氧化应激。ROS是高度活性的氧化剂,具有一个或多个未配对的电子,主要包括超氧自由基、过氧化氢、羟基自由基等。Hossain等的研究表明,CdS NPs一旦进入细胞,可诱发细胞氧化应激产生大量的ROS[
一方面,由于Cd是重金属元素,当其在微生物细胞内累积到一定浓度时可诱导氧化应激的产生,改变细胞功能,从而对细胞产生毒害作用[
另一方面,Su等的研究表明,即使实验组细菌胞内CdTe NPs所释放的Cd2+含量与对照组中细菌所处的含CdCl2培养基中的Cd2+浓度相同,CdTe NPs也比CdCl2溶液具有更强的细胞毒性,这意味着含镉纳米粒子释放的Cd2+不是细胞毒性的唯一因素[
DNA单链和双链断裂是DNA产生氧化损伤的主要原因。CdS NPs对细菌没有直接的基因毒性或诱变作用,Rzigalinski等的研究表明它通过抑制DNA修复和诱导自由基的产生引起DNA损伤,进而影响基因组的稳定性[
大肠杆菌已经进化出了一个广泛对抗ROS的防御系统,抗氧化酶防御系统包括过氧化氢酶和超氧歧化酶等可以保护细胞免受氧自由基的有害影响[
在此前有报道称,CdS NPs影响细胞表面拓扑结构和细胞分裂。细菌细胞的分裂和隔膜的形成需要多种蛋白质参与[
有趣的是,大肠杆菌的不同菌株对含镉纳米粒子及Cd2+的耐受程度是不一样的。一方面有研究表明含镉纳米粒子可在极低浓度下对原核细胞产生毒害作用[
虽然含镉纳米粒子及其释放的Cd2+均可对部分大肠杆菌菌株产生严重的毒害作用,然而另一方面的研究表明仍有部分大肠杆菌菌株可以在CdS浓度很高的环境下生存,甚至可以在细胞内或细胞外合成CdS[
早在1987年,就有大量报道称产碱杆菌[
重金属离子外排系统
The efflux system.
有研究表明,部分原核生物可通过吸附作用将重金属离子吸附在细胞表面,减少细胞对重金属的摄入量[
Zaman等发现对Cd不敏感的大肠杆菌菌株P4还可以通过产生应激蛋白如磷酸甘油酸变位酶(GpmA)来保护细胞[
更为有趣的是,不断有文献报道部分大肠杆菌菌株不仅可以在CdS浓度很高的环境下存活,还可以利用Cd的前体盐在细胞内或细胞外合成CdS[
目前,各类重金属离子对环境造成的污染日趋严重,对含重金属废水的治理已成为备受关注的焦点。生物修复是颇具潜力的治理方法[
此外,生物合成的CdS NPs除了在合成过程中及合成后对NPs合成细菌本身产生一定毒害作用,是否对该细菌产生有利影响?目前,已有研究证实在可见光照射下,大肠杆菌可以利用其细胞表面合成的CdS NPs激发所生成的光生电子,促进相关还原酶的催化效率,促进细胞产生还原力及ATP,从而促进细胞的合成代谢以及生长分裂[
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