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嗜盐菌中甘氨酸甜菜碱的合成途径及其生物学功能
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国家自然科学基金(31370158,31570110);中国农业科学院研究生院基本科研业务费项目(610042017001)


Glycine betaine: biosynthesis and biological function in halophilic microorganisms
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    摘要:

    在嗜盐菌长期的盐适应或短期的盐胁迫过程中,甘氨酸甜菜碱(又名三甲基甘氨酸,NNN-trimethylglycine)发挥着极为重要的作用。甘氨酸甜菜碱在嗜盐菌中的生物合成有2种途径:胆碱氧化途径和甘氨酸甲基化途径。前者以胆碱为底物,由胆碱脱氢酶(choline dehydrogenase,BetA)和甜菜碱乙醛脱氢酶(betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase,BetB)经2次氧化生成甜菜碱;后者以甘氨酸作为底物,由甘氨酸肌醇甲基转移酶(glycine sarcosine N-methyltransferase,GSMT)和肌氨酸二甲基甘氨酸甲基转移酶(sarcosine dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase,SDMT)经3次N-甲基化生成甜菜碱。目前在JGI-IMG和EZBioCloud数据库中公布了134株嗜盐菌标准菌株的全基因组序列。其中,约56.0%的嗜盐细菌和约39.6%的嗜盐古菌拥有胆碱氧化途径所需的2个基因;约9.7%的嗜盐细菌和约0.7%的嗜盐古菌携带甲基化途径所需的2个基因。其中,8株嗜盐细菌同时拥有胆碱氧化途径和甘氨酸甲基化途径所需的全部基因。甘氨酸甜菜碱生物合成基因在典型微生物菌株或经济作物中的表达可以提高其耐盐抗逆能力,这种独特的优势已经引起科学家们强烈的兴趣,相信未来,嗜盐菌中甘氨酸甜菜碱生物合成领域内的科学理论和技术应用会有重大的突破。

    Abstract:

    Glycine betaine (i.e. trimethylglycine, N,N,N-trimethylglycine) plays a crucial role in halophilic microorganisms subjected to the long-term salt-stress and short-term salt-exposure. Two separate biosynthetic pathways of glycine betaine: the oxidation of choline and the methylation from glycine were found. The former is choline dehydrogenase (BetA) and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BetB) using choline as substrate by two oxidization; the latter contains three reactions by N-methylation catalyzed with glycine sarcosine N-methyltransferase (GSMT) and sarcosine dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase (SDMT). The genome sequences of 134 halophilic type strains were obtained online in both JGI-IMG and EZBiocloud. Approximate 56.0% of halophilic bacteria and 39.6% of halophilic archaea harbors two genes of choline oxidation. About 9.7% of halophilic bacteria and 0.7% halophilic archaea possess two genes of methylation from glycine. Among them, 8 halophilic bacteria have the genes for both choline oxidation and glycine methylation. The expression of the biosynthesis genes of glycine betaine in model microorgainsms or crops can improve their ability to resist salt torlerence. This unique feature derived from the glycine betaine has attracted scientists’ strongly interest and their emergence in modern biotechnology. In the future, the scientific theory and practical application derived from of the biosynthesis of glycine betaine in halophiles must have a significant impact.

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张英杰,廖子亚,赵百锁. 嗜盐菌中甘氨酸甜菜碱的合成途径及其生物学功能. 微生物学报, 2020, 60(6): 1074-1089

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  • 收稿日期:2019-11-16
  • 最后修改日期:2020-01-09
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  • 在线发布日期: 2020-06-10
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