[Objective] Microbial resources remain a major focus of biotechnology development, because of their crucial value for fundamental life science research and for development of the bio-economy. China, as one of the two largest producers of scientific publications in the world, will play a global role in research and exploitation of microbial resources. The objective of this study was to analyze progress in microbial resource research and patenting in China to provide strategic directions for research and bio-industry.[Methods] Data were analyzed from culture collections, publications and patents to gain a picture of the status and trends in microbial resources research and exploitation in China. The data were benchmarked against those of other countries. Based on these analyses, we provide here suggestions for planning and policy to research, manage and exploit microbial resources.[Conclusion] Establishment of various microbial resource platforms in China reflects the increasing attention paid to this scientific area. The high number of publications annually and patents licensed indicate impressive progress in research and bio-industrial applications. Comprehensive resource preservation and development of research and application systems will provide a solid support for the bio-economy in China and other countries.